Lichen in bloom aka British soldiers

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Lichen in bloom (aka British soldiers)
Fungal partner reproductive structure
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Fruticose lichen, aka CA Spanish moss
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Desert crusts
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Reindeer moss dominant primary producer
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Algae
http//waynesword.palomar.edu/algae1.htm
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Primary producers
Food and other useful products (Algae also
useful in environmental remediatione.g., diatoms
in sewage treatment)
Harmful blooms (saxitoxins in red tide)
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Photosynthetic plankton include cyanobacteria in
addition to algae

• Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus The deep sea
  regions with the
• purple color are dominated by the cyanobacteria
  Prochlorococcus, while
• the costal regions are dominated by the
  cyanobacteria Synechococcus. (http//seawifs.gsfc.
  nasa.gov/cgi/seawifs_browse.pl )

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Rhodophyta red algae
Porphyra nori
Gelidium source of agar
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Dinophyta includes dinoflagellatesbest known as
zooxanthellae
Here, in soft-bodied coral
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Chrysophyta golden and yellow-green algae,
includes diatoms
With silica shells called frustules
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Phaeophyta brown algae
Macrocystis kelp with floaties
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Brown algae structures
Blade or lamina
Within stipe conducting elements analogous to
xylem, phloem
Stipe
Holdfast
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Chlorophyta green algae,with marine species . .
.
Ulva sea lettuce
Codium dead mans fingers
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And freshwater species
e.g., Spirogyra
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Photosynthetic sea slugsSymbiosis or
kleptoplastic association?

• http//www.seaslugforum.net/solarpow.htm

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Solar-Powered Sea Slugs. Mollusc/AlgalChloroplast
SymbiosisMary E. Rumpho, Elizabeth J. Summer,
and James R. ManhartPlant Physiology, May 2000,
Vol. 123, pp. 2938
. . .Graves et al. (1979) were the first to
demonstrate that E. chlorotica contains
plastids derived from the Xanthophyte V. litorea.
They observed that the chloroplasts did not
accumulate in the lumen of the digestive
diverticula (which would be an indication of
digestion), but instead were found distributed
throughout the cell. The plastids were generally
structurally intact, with well defined
trilamellar, unstacked thylakoids, and bounded by
two envelope membranes. The outer envelope
membrane appeared to be in direct contact with
the animal cytoplasm, and no other algal cellular
structures were observed in the animal cell.
Light- and CO2- dependent oxygen evolution was
observed in E. chlorotica . . .
Figure 1. A, Dorsal view of the mollusc E.
chlorotica illustrating the distribution of green
pigment (chloroplasts), giving E. chlorotica a
uniform green appearance. The chloroplasts are
found in cells lining the extensive digestive
diverticula, which ramify throughout the body.
Animals are typically found in nature as small as
1 or 2 cm to as large as 6 cm, as shown here. B,
Ventral view of E. chlorotica illustrating the
uniform dispersal of chloroplasts and the
recessed, sucking mouth. C, Two camouflaged E.
chlorotica specimens feeding on V. litorea. D,
Several specimens of E. chlorotica showing the
variation in size and body form. When left
undisturbed in strong light, the sea slugs will
unfold their parapodia (lateral folds)
and sunbathe. Any slight movement or even a
shadow will cause them to fold up and exude
mucus. E, Isolated V. litorea filaments (about
12 mm in diameter) and filaments growing in a
culture flask (inset). The alga can be easily
cultured in one-quarter-strength seawater and
exhibits rapid growth with hair-like filaments
extending vertically through the media. F, Sea
slugs are easily cultured in aquaria containing
full-strength artificial seawater, overhead
lighting, and maintained at 10C. The animals
will move slowly along the walls of the aquarium,
unfolding their parapodia presumably to increase
the body surface area exposed to the overhead
light. Non-pigmented eggs are produced in a mucus
mass and deposited on the aquaria walls (see
arrow). The eggs serve as a source of pure animal
DNA, since no plastids or plastid DNA are found
in them.
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When Volvox whirls through the water, it appears
like a spinning universe of individual stars
fixed in an invisible firmament. (Raven et al.,
5th edition)
Like all of its relatives, Volvox is haploid
therefore mutant genes are not masked by dominant
alleles . . .
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Charophyta stoneworts
Chara similar to the ancestor of the
embryophytes ( land plants)
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Phycoplast vs Phragmoplast
Cytokinesis in Chlorophyta Cytokinesis
in Charophyta and plants
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Chara reproduction
Egg (haploid) encased in maternal tissue