United States Geography - Ms. Preissler

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Bell Work

• Take out your Name the State handout from
  Friday and continue labeling each of the states

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U.S. Physical Geography
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US Geography Basics

• Third largest country in the world.
• Half the size of Russia.
• One third the size of Africa.
• Half the size of South America.
• 2 ½ times the size of Western Europe.

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Rivers
St. Lawrence R.
Columbia R.
Hudson R.
Missouri R.
Potomac R.
Mississippi R.
Ohio R.
Colorado R.
Arkansas R.
Rio Grande R.
Yukon R.
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The Mississippi Americas Great River Road

• The Big Muddy.
• 2,350 miles.
• Draining all or part of 31 states 2
  Canadian provinces.
• Covers 40 of the U. S.

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Good Hydrography (water)

• Two major drainage systems
• Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River
• Missouri-Mississippi Rivers
• Best inland water transportation system in the
  world
• Canals connect the two major systems Illinois
  River to Lake Michigan
• Canal around Niagara Falls St. Lawrence Seaway
  made Chicago a seaport
• Western rivers no comparable roles for
  transportation Hydroelectricity, Drinking and
  irrigation water sources

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Mountains Plateaus
Adirondack Mts.
Cascade Mts.
Rocky Mts.
Appalachian Mts.
Sierra Nevada Mts.
Mt. Whitney
Pikes Peak
Mt. McKinley
Alaskan Range
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Bodies of Water
Great Salt Lake
Chesapeake Bay
LakeOkeechobee
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Great Salt Lake

• 2000 square miles.
• 10 28 deep.
• 6 times saltier than the oceans.

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Lake Okeechobee, FL
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Plains
GreatBasin
Central Plains
Atlantic Coastal Plains
Gulf Coastal Plains
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The Great Plains
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Deserts
Death Valley
Mohave Desert
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Death Valley, CA

• 3.3 million acres.
• 95 wilderness.

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Plateaus
Cumberland Plateau
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Cumberland Plateau Gap

• AL, KY, TN, VA, WV
• 24,640 sq. mi.
• Natural passage Gap through the
  Cumberland Mts.

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Topography of the US
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Tornadoes Per Year 1950-1997
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Plainfield Tornado August 28, 1990
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After the Quiz

• In your Notes
• What do these 3 things have in common?

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U.S. Agriculture
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Agriculture The deliberate modification of the
Earths surface through cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or
economic gain.
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Economic Issues of Agriculture

• Challenges for commercial farmers
• Overproduction
• Sustainable agriculture
• Challenges for subsistence farmers
• Population growth
• International trade
• Increasing food supply

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Von Thünen Model
Shows how distance from a city or market affects
the choice of agricultural activity.
Why is horticulture (fruits) and dairy located
closest to the city? Why are crops like corn and
soybeans grown farther out? Why is cattle grazing
the farthest ring?
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World Corn Production, 2005
The U.S. accounts for about 40
of world corn (maize) production. China is the
2nd largest producer. Much of the corn in both
countries is used for animal feed.
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Wheat Farm in Montana
American grain farms can cover enormous amounts
of land.
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World Wheat Production, 2005
China is the worlds leading
wheat producer, but the U.S. is the largest
producer of wheat for sale and the largest
exporter.
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Grain Importers Exporters
Most countries are net importers of grain. The
U.S. is the largest net exporter.
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Calories per capita
Daily available calories per
capita as percent of requirements, 2005. In
MDCs, the average person consumes one-third or
more over the required average minimum, while in
LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum
requirement or less.
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How does this map compare with the obesity map on
the previous slide? Why? The answer is on the
next slide
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Subsidy Monetary assistance granted by a
government to a person or group in support of an
enterprise regarded as being in the public
interest.
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World Milk Production, 2005
Milk production reflects wealth,
culture, and environment.
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Bell Work

• Tear out a piece of paper from your notebook and
  answer the following questions
• 1) Define agriculture in your own words
• 2) List 3 examples of agriculture you experience,
  saw, read, or heard about over the weekend.

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What are some challenges for large commercial
farmers?
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Organic farm in Washington
There is limited use of chemicals and heavy
machinery on organic farms such as this one in
Whatcom County, Washington state.
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What trend do you notice? What factors might be
influencing this trend?
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Genetically Modified Foods
Genetically modified foods must be labeled in
Europe but not in the U.S.
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Brain Break

• On the opposite side of your piece of paper that
  you used for your Bell Work, Write a few words or
  a phrase that comes to mind when you hear the
  words Thesis Statement
• When you are finished, crumple the piece of paper
  into a ball and wait for more directions.

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Writing Thesis Statements A Formulaic Process
Thesis Statements set the purpose of the entire
essay. They are ONE SENTENCE They are
placed as the LAST sentence of the
INTRODUCTION paragraph.

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Thesis Statement

• Is a road map for the paper in other words, it
  tells the reader what to expect from the rest of
  the paper.
• Makes a claim that others might dispute.
• Your thesis statement should be specificit
  should cover only what you will discuss in your
  paper and should be supported with specific
  evidence.
• The thesis statement usually appears at the end
  of the first paragraph of a paper.
• Your topic may change as you write, so you may
  need to revise your thesis statement to reflect
  exactly what you have discussed in the paper.

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U.S. Energy Resource Issues
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What does photograph tell you about the worlds
energy consumption?
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What are some of the effects of high energy use?

• - Climate Change
• Higher Temperatures Extreme Weather Events
• Reduction of Supply
• Non-Renewable vs. Renewable
• Higher Energy Costs
• Higher Prices during peak hours
• Pollution
• Diminished Air Quality

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What does our energy go towards?
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U.S. Oil Imports, 1973 2005
U.S. oil imports increased
from about 30 to over 40 of consumption between
1973 and 2005. Total consumption also increased
50 over the period. Why is
this significant?
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What are fossil fuels?

• Natural fuel formed in the geological past from
  remains of living organisms
• Finite supply. (Nonrenewable)
• Oil, Coal, Natural Gas

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What happens when you depend on someone for
something?
Youre acting like a....bunch of....capitalists!
Capitalism an economic system in which resources
and means of production are privately owned and
prices, production, and the distribution of goods
are determined mainly by competition in a free
market
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Where do we get our oil from?
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Compare and Contrast Oil and Gas Reserves.
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What are barrels of oil used for and what sort of
products are petroleum based?
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Using Quotes in Your Paper!

• One of the largest criticisms of organic farming
  is the labeling of organic food products. Often
  consumers are misinformed on what it means for
  produce to be organic as a result producers use
  this to their advantage by selling their products
  under the term organic when it may not be.
  According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
  In order for a product to be labeled 100 Percent
  Organic, it must contain at least 95
  organically produced ingredients and processing
  aids and may not be produced through the use of
  sewage sludge or ionizing radiation (USDA,
  National Organic Program). For true organic
  farmers this means no pesticide use at all and
  fertilization through natural compost. For
  farmers that may try to go around the label of
  organic, the 5 left of 100 justifies the use of
  some pesticides.

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• A valid example of this is that of Stalinallee
  which was a high profile East Berlin workers
  housing project. Stalinallee was promoted to be
  the socialist living quarters of the future that
  also enriched and beautified everyday life (Betts
  100). The German Democratic Republic used this
  structure as a way to demonstrate material proof
  of socialist progress while also providing a
  better standard of living for the working people.
  Historian Paul Betts best describes
  Stalinallees socialist objectives by stating,
• Stalinallee was one of socialist community, of
  a kind where housing units, common rooms, grocery
  stores, bookstores, sports facilities, and cafés
  were all integrated into a larger architectonic
  whole. In this case the aim was to create a semi
  enclosed socialist word based on organized
  community and collectivist living. (100)
• Housing projects just like Stalinallee sprung up
  all across East Germany allowing for socialist
  ideals and progress to be intertwined in the
  everyday life of the people.

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Nuclear Power in the U.S., 2005
Location of current nuclear
power plants in the U.S. and nuclear power as a
percent of total electricity in U.S. states.
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Why has the United States stopped building
nuclear power plants?

• In February of 2012, U.S. regulators approved the
  building of a new nuclear power plant for the
  first time in over 30 years.
• No nuclear power plants have been built since the
  partial meltdown of the reactor core of the Three
  Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania in 1979.
• Controversial for safety/heath reasons and
  economic reasons

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Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Incident
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U.S. Immigration Patterns
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Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Most migrants to the U.S were
from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin
America and Asia have become the main sources of
immigrants.
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Peopling North America

• Migration to the U.S.
• Five distinct phases determined by immigrants
  number and source regions
• Phase 1 before 1820 English and Africans
• Phase 2 1820-1870 Irish and Germans
• Phase 3 1870-1920 Southern and Eastern
  Europeans
• Phase 4 1920-1970 Canada, Latin America, but
  overall numbers of immigrants drops
• Phase 5 1970-present Latin America, Asia, and
  overall numbers rise again

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Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5 The largest numbers of migrants from
Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and
Vietnam.
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Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6 Mexico has been the largest source of
immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also
come from numerous other Latin American nations.
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Whats the Difference?

• Immigrant - a person who leaves one country to
  settle permanently in another after being granted
  permission to do so by the government
• Illegal Immigrant - an alien (non-citizen) who
  has entered the United States without government
  permission or stayed beyond the termination date
  of a visa.
• Undocumented Immigrant - an alien (non-citizen)
  who has entered the United States without
  government permission or stayed beyond the
  termination date of a visa.

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Undocumented Immigrants in the US
Fig. 3-7 California, Texas, and Florida are the
leading destinations for undocumented immigrants
to the U.S.
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U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
California is the destination
of about 25 of all US immigrants another 25 go
to New York and New Jersey. Other important
destinations include Florida, Texas, and
Illinois.
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Why have people moved into or out of certain
counties?
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T.A.P.E.

• Target To have an understanding of the economic,
  political, and cultural reasons why people
  migrate within the U.S.
• Agenda
• Migration Notes
• Timed Reading Tuesday
• Intro to Urbanization
• Purpose To understand the reasons people move in
  and out of different areas
• Evaluation Written Summary and Reflection on
  Timed Reading

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What are some reasons as to why people migrated
to the sunbelt region?
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Population Shifts
SUNBELT
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Look at the ethnic groups that are displayed on
the following maps. What pattern(s) do you
notice? (Remember the types of patterns?) What
might be some factors that have contributed to
the development of these patterns?
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African-Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1 The highest percentages of African
Americans are in the rural South and in northern
cities.
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Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2 The highest percentages of Hispanic
Americans are in the southwest and in northern
cities.
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Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4 The highest percentages of Native
Americans are in parts of the plains, the
southwest, and Alaska.
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T.A.P.E.

• Target To have a basic understanding of the term
  urbanization
• Agenda
• Current Event Wednesday
• Urbanization Notes
• Media Center Self Edit Papers
• Purpose To have a better understanding of the
  term urbanization so that it can be used in the
  future be able to self-reflect on individual
  work
• Evaluation Exit Slip Self-Reflection Handout

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Urbanization in the United States
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More Migration

• Rural to Urban Migration
• Today, more than 75 of North Americans live in
  cities (2,500 or more people)
• Growth of the Sun Belt South
• Fastest growing region since 1970, with some
  states growing by 20 (GA, FL, TX, NC)
• The Counterurbanization Trend
• Since 1970, some people have moved to smaller
  cities and rural areas
• Lifestyle migrants seeking amenities
• Settlement Geographies The Decentralized
  Metropolis
• Urban decentralization when metropolitan areas
  sprawl in all directions and suburbs take on the
  characteristics of downtown

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T.A.P.E.

• Target To have an understand how to correctly
  use in-text citations
• Agenda
• Mini Lesson on Citations
• Lab 130 for Research paper
• Purpose To be able to effectively use other
  authors work without plagiarizing
• Evaluation Term Paper

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In-Text Citations

• Citing non-print or sources from the Internet
• Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft
  parenthetical citations for electronic sources
  because of the absence of page numbers, but
  often, these sorts of entries do not require any
  sort of parenthetical citation at all. For
  electronic and Internet sources, follow the
  following guidelines
• Include in the text the first item that appears
  in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the
  citation (e.g. author name, article name, website
  name, film name).
• You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page
  numbers
• Do not include URLs in-text.

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So what should you do?

• If you dont have an author Paraphrase your
  article title!
• Example
• According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
  In order for a product to be labeled 100 Percent
  Organic, it must contain at least 95
  organically produced ingredients and processing
  aids and may not be produced through the use of
  sewage sludge or ionizing radiation (National
  Organic Program).
• WHEN IN DOUBT
• Google/Bing Purdue Owl In Text Citation MLA
• Header

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T.A.P.E.

• Target To further our understanding of the term
  urbanization and the impact it has on the United
  States
• Agenda
• Urbanization Notes
• Research Paper Peer Edit
• Purpose To have a better understanding of the
  term urbanization so that it can be used in the
  future be able to self-reflect on individual
  work
• Evaluation Exit Slip Peer-Edit Handout

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Urbanization The process by which an
increasing percentage of people live in urban
areas
The largest percent of U.S. population live in
Inner Cities
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Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1 Percent of the population living in
urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in
LDCs.
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In the United States, the central city
and the surrounding built-up suburbs are called
an urbanized area. Urban Sprawl the spread
of people and suburban development
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Growth of Chicago
Fig. 13-19 Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th
century through annexation. In the 20th century
the major annexation was for OHare Airport. The
city of Chicago covers only a portion of the
Chicago metropolitan statistical area
(inset). Annex - append or add as an extra or
subordinate part
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T.A.P.E.

• Target To understand issues that surround
  urbanization
• Agenda
• Motivational Monday
• Research Paper Peer Edit
• Purpose To have a better understanding of the
  term urbanization so that it can be used in the
  future be able to self-reflect on individual
  work
• Evaluation Exit Slip Peer-Edit Handout

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Inner Cities

• Inner-city physical problems
• Deterioration process
• Property values decline, Run Down City
• Urban renewal
• Program for land redevelopment
• Inner-city social problems
• Underclass
• Culture of poverty
• Inner-city economic problems
• Annexation

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Racial Change in Chicago1980 - 2000
Fig. 13-17 Racial ethnic change in Chicago,
1980-2000. Dots represent where race and
ethnicity increased. White population increased
in the inner city and North Side, while African
American and Hispanic population increased in the
outer city and inner suburbs.
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Changing Urban Patterns

• Consequences of Urban Sprawl
• People and investment flee city for suburbs
• Poverty, crime, racial tension in cities
• Gentrification
• Movement of wealthier people to deteriorated
  inner-city areas may displace low income
  residents
• Suburban downtowns
• Similar to edge cities suburbs becoming
  full-service urban centers with retail, business,
  education, jobs, etc.

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Gentrification
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Problems of Suburbs

• Why are people attracted to living in suburbs?
• Cost of suburban sprawl
• Outward spreading of the city
• Suburban segregation
• Economic, ethnic
• Transportation and suburbanization
• Motor vehicles
• Public transportation

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Contribution of Transportation to Suburbanization
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• What is Vertical Geography and what are some
  pros Cons of Vertical Geography?
• Positives
• Use of available needed space
• High threshold and range
• Negatives
• - High Land Values because of limited space

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T.A.P.E.

• Target Industry
• Agenda
• Purpose
• Evaluation

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United States Industry
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Industrial Location Factors

• Situation factors
• Proximity to inputs
• How close are the goods needed to create product
  to the production site?
• Proximity to markets
• How close are the market areas from production
  site?
• Transport choices
• How will the product be transported? Truck?
  Train? Ship?
• Site factors
• Labor
• Are there people willing to work near the
  production site? Are they skilled?
• Land
• Expense of land, how close is the land to
  transportation?
• Capital
• Will you make money in this location? Or will
  production cost be too expensive?

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Site Selection for Saturn
Fig. 11-1.1 GM considered a variety of economic
and geographic factors when it searched for a
site for producing the new Saturn in 1985. The
plant was eventually located in Spring Hill, TN.
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Bulk Reducing Industry An economic activity in
which the final product weighs less than its
input. Example Copper Wire
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Copper Mine in Arizona
Why would many of the copper foundries be
located near copper mines?
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Integrated Steel Mills
Integrated steel mills in the U.S.
are clustered near the southern Great Lakes,
which helped minimize transport costs of heavy
raw materials.
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Bulk-Gaining Industry Process in which
something gains volume or weight during
production. How would this be an example of a
bulk-gaining industry?
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Break-of-bulk point A location where the
transfer among transportation modes is possible.
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Right-to-Work Laws Requires a factory to
maintain an open shop (You do not have to join
a labor union) and prohibits closed shops (You
are required to join a labor union).
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Outsourcing Allocating production to low-wage
countries
What types of products are made in LDC?
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NAFTA North America Free Trade Agreement
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Business Services in the United States
130
Central Place A market center for the exchange of
goods and services by people attracted from the
surrounding area. Central Place Theory Explains
how services are distributed and why a regular
pattern of settlements exists.
Why are the Pizza Huts distributed this way?
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Threshold The minimum number of people needed
to support the service.
Why might there be more Home Depots per person
in the suburbs than in the cities?
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Market Area - The area surrounding a service from
which customers are attracted. Range - Maximum
distance that people are willing to travel for a
service
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Retail Centers in Atlanta
Most shopping malls in Atlanta
and other cities are in the suburbs. The ideal
location is near an interchange on an interstate
highway beltway circling the city.
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Why are two of the largest shopping centers in
Chicagoland located in Schaumburg and Oakbrook
instead of downtown Chicago?
In recent years urban residents are more likely
to shop in suburban malls