the elbow

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the elbow

• By Ema Iwata, Michelle Cheney, and Justin Richards

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Elbow Facts

• Hinge joint.
• Major stresses placed on the elbow in throwing
  sports.
• Most frequently injured joint in tennis.

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Bones

• Ulna
• Larger, medial forearm bone (pinky side). Main
  bone of the elbow.
• Radius
• Smaller, lateral forearm bone (thumb side). Main
  bone of the wrist.
• Humerus
• Largest arm bone
• Medial epicondyle Articulates with the ulna to
  allow flexion/extension of the elbow.
• Lateral epicondyle Articulates with the radius
  to allow pronation and supination of the lower
  arm and hand.
• Articulating surface at end
• Capitulum
• Radial fossa receives the head of radius
• Trochlea
• Coronoid fossa receives part of ulna when flexed

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Muscles

• Brachialis
• Bicep
• Tricep
• Forearm flexor and extensors

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Major Muscles

• Upper Arm muscles
• Biceps (flexion)
• Triceps (extension)
• Brachialis (flexion).

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Major Muscles cont

• Forearm Muscles Flexion and pronation vs.
  Extension and supination.
• Flexor capri radialis
• Flexor capri ulnaris
• Flexor digitorum sublimes
• Flexor pollicis longis
• Extensor digitorum communis
• Extensor capri radialis brevis
• Extensor capri ulnaris
• Extensor pollicis longus

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Joints

• 2 independent joints
• Both in 1 joint cavity
• Humerounlar joint (elbow joint)
• Hinge joint
• Allows arm flexion and extension
• Humeroradial joint (radio-ulnar joint)
• Pivoting joint
• Allows arm pronation and supination

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Ligaments

• Annular ligament
• Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
• Lateral (radial) collateral ligament

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Tendons

• Connect wrist extensors to lateral epicondyle
• Connect wrist flexors to medial epicondyle
• Connect biceps to radius
• Connect triceps to ulna

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Nerves

• Ulnar nerve
• Causes funny bone effect
• Radial nerve
• Median nerve

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Movement

• Flexion
• Extension
• Pronation
• Supination

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Common Injuries
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Tennis, Golfers, Pitchers Elbow

• Epicondylitis
• Inflammation of the epicondyle tissue of the
  humerus
• Tennis Elbow lateral epicondylitis
• Golfers Elbow Pitchers Elbow medial
  epicondylitis
• Tommy John Surgery
• Replaces ligaments or tendons damaged at
  epicondyles

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Injury Prevention

• Proper stretching
• Protective gear
• Elbow pads
• Wrist protectors
• Correct technique
• No overuse
• Proper equipment

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Stretches for Tennis Elbow

• Prayer stretch
• Start with your palms together in front of your
  chest just below your chin.
• Slowly lower your hands toward your waistline,
  keeping your hands close to your stomach and your
  palms together until you feel a mild to moderate
  stretch under your forearms.
• Hold 20 seconds. Repeat 4 times.

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• Reverse prayer stretch
• Start with the backs of your hands together in
  front of you at your waistline, with your
  forearms parallel to the floor.
• Slowly bring your wrists up toward your face by
  bending your elbows until you feel a mild to
  moderate stretch in your forearms. Keep the backs
  of your hands together and your hands close to
  your body.
• Hold 20 seconds. Repeat 4 times.

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Strengthening Exercises for Tennis Elbow

• Wrist curls
• Place your forearm on a table with your hand
  hanging over the edge of the table, palm up.
• Place a 1- to 2-pound weight in your hand. This
  may be a dumbbell, a can of food, or a filled
  water bottle.
• Slowly raise and lower the weight while keeping
  your forearm on the table and palm facing up.
• Repeat this motion 20 times.
• Switch arms.
• Repeat with your hand facing down toward the
  floor. Switch arms.
• Over a period of weeks, gradually increase the
  number of sets of 20 repetitions you do in one
  session.

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• Biceps curls
• Sit leaning forward with your legs slightly
  spread and your left hand on your left thigh.
• Place your right elbow on your right thigh and
  hold the weight with your forearm horizontal.
• Slowly curl the weight up and toward your chest.
• Repeat this motion 20 times.
• Switch arms.
• Over a period of weeks, gradually increase the
  number of sets of 20 repetitions you do in one
  session.

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Wrist and Hand

• Made up of 27 bones
• Bones in wrist and hand proved tremendous shock
  absorption.
• No muscles in fingers, just connective tissue.
• Muscles for hands originate in forearms, and go
  into hand through tendons.

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Hand/wrist injuries

• Jersey Finger top of finger is pushed
  backwards. When other fingers go in flexion,
  jersey finger stays extended.
• Mallet Finger fingers are extended, one stays
  flexed.

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Hand/wrist Injury cont

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Irritation/impingement
  of the nerve going into the hand. Related to
  overuse of the wrist. Keeping hand in neutral
  position will prevent carpal tunnel syndrome.
• (pic on next page).
• Wrist Sprain Injury to ligament structure.

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Overview of Elbow Anatomy
http//www.dartmouth.edu/anatomy/elbow/overview/i
ndex.html
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Bibliography

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