Feed Additives for Swine

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Feed Additives for Swine

• American Soybean Associations
• 12th Annual Southeast Asian
• Feed Technology Nutrition Workshop
• Dr. Bob Thaler
• South Dakota State University

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Feed Additives

• Compounds that MAY elicit a response independent
  of the pigs energy, amino acid, and
  vitamin/mineral requirements
• Response is dependent on age of pig, disease
  level, genetics, environmental factors, type of
  diet/feedstuffs

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General Categories

• Antibacterials Antibiotics
• Chemotherapeutics
• Organic acids
• Probiotics Prebiotics
• Enzymes

• Botanicals
• Carcass modifiers
• Flavors
• Aromas
• Mold inhibitors
• Mycotoxin binders
• Odor reducers

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Antibiotic Efficacy in Nursery Grow-Finish Pigs
( improvement)
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Sows Antibiotics

• General thought is not to add antibiotics to sow
  diets if conception rate is gt 85
• However, if conception rate is lt 85, may be
  beneficial depending on the problem
• Must be at the therapeutic level
• 2 weeks before breeding
• One week prior to farrowing to weaning

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Commonly Used Feed Additives
USDAAPHIS, 2000
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Commonly Used Feed Additives(Company Feeding
gt25 of US Pigs)
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(No Transcript)
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Antibiotic (Ab) Resitance

• Growth-promoting Ab banned in some European
  countries, and will be in the EU in 2006
• Growing concern in the US
• Many US producers replacing Ab with better
  management
• Producers also looking at antibiotic alternatives

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Chemotherapeutic Agents

• Naturally occurring or chemically synthesized
  compounds that inhibit the growth of
  microorganisms
• Copper Sulfate
• 100 to 250 ppm in nursery diets
• Additive effect with antibiotics
• Zinc oxide
• 1500 to 3000 ppm
• Controls some post-weaning scours
• Higher levels can be toxic (know base levels)
• High levels in the manure environmental
  problems
• Already being regulated in some European countries

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Organic Acids

• Acidifiers mold inhibitors
• Increase protein digestion
• Better environment for good bacteria
• Fumaric, formic, citric, proprionic acid and
  mixtures
• Commonly used in nursery rations
• Effect vs marketing tool?

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Probiotics

• Living bacteria or yeast cultures to enhance
  microbial balance
• Lactobacillus species, Bacillus subtilis,
  Streptococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  or various mixtures
• Traditionally use in nursery diets
• Beginning to be used in grow-finish diets with
  inconsistent efficacy (maybe F/G improvement)
• Strain of microbe, dose, interactions,
  feedstuffs, feed processing

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Prebiotics

• Food/feed substances that selectively stimulate
  growth or activity of beneficial bacteris
• Derived from oligopolysaccharide compounds
• New area of research
• Need more research to make better recommendations
• Similar results to probiotics

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Enzymes

• Increase nutrient utilization
• Not much benefit with corn-SBM diets
• More of a benefit with wheat barley-based diets
• Beta glucanase and xylase are the most commonly
  used ones
• Others include alpha amylase, cellulase,
  protease, and various combinations
• Great variation in efficacy

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Phytase

• Most commonly used enzyme in the world
• Increases utilization of phytate P in grains
• Decrease P excretion
• Less P running off into lakes and rivers
• Less euthrophication
• Decrease amount of inorganic P
• Currently slight economic savings in diet cost
• Tremendous environmental benefit

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Others

• Botanicals
• Roots, bark, leaves, flowers, etc
• Antimicrobial or antioxidant properties
• Essential oils, spices (F/G?)
• Problems with standardization lack of research
• Flavors Aromas
• Put there for people, not pigs
• A marketing tool with little research to support
  claims

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Others

• Mold Inhibitors
• effective against molds, not mycotoxins
• Antioxidants increase shelf-life are
  effective
• Mycotoxin Binders
• Are present even if mold is gone
• Products effective against aflatoxins (clays,
  HSCAS, pellet binders)
• Few, if any, products effective on other
  mycotoxins
• Odor Reducing Additives
• Many products, few effective (DeOdorase,
  Microaid)
• Heavily dependent on condition of individual
  systems
• Manure composition, pH, temperature,
  antibacterials, water, etc

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Carcass Modifiers

• Ractopamine (Paylean)
• Chromium tripicolinate
• Betaine
• L-carnitine

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Ractopamine (PayLean)

• Beta agonist that repartitions where nutrients
  go (from fat to lean deposition)
• Improves
• Growth rate
• Feed conversion
• Lean deposition

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Ractopamine (PayLean)

• Approved at the 5 to 19.8 g/ton level the last 4
  weeks weeks prior to slaughter
• 5 g/ton improves gain (10) efficiency (17)
• Maybe carcass
• 9.9 g/ton improves gain efficiency, carcass
  weight dressing

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Ractopamine (PayLean)

• 19.8 g/ton seldom used
• cost of product
• Increased death-loss potential
• Greatest response first 2 weeks, then decreases
  over the last 2 weeks
• Need at least a 16 protein diet and .90 lysine
  diet (watch all amino acid levels)

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Ractopamine Economics

• Kansas State University
• 5 g/ton for 14-28 days 3.53/pig
• 9.9 g/ton for 7-28 days 4.76/pig
• Iowa State University
• 3.03/pig
• No genotype difference
• Feed Company Observations 1 to 1.50/pig

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PayLean Use In Commercial Operations

• Used to decrease total number of marketing days
  for a group/barn
• 1 Market first group of heaviest pigs
• 2 Feed the 5 g/ton level for 2 weeks
• 3 Feed the 9.9 g/ton level for the last 2 weeks
  or until all the pigs are marketed

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Handling/Stress Is An Issue!
Elanco has developed a program on proper handling
of swine from farm through harvest
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Carcass Modifiers

• Organic Chromium (tripicolinate)
• Increase leanness 6, but not consistent
• 200 ppb Cr improved sow fertility, born
  weaned
• Must be fed at least 6 months to get response
• Betaine (sugar beet industry)
• Enhance leanness and feed efficiency (?????)
• Works with met/cys deficiency or lysine excess
• Carnitine
• Initially thought to improve leanness
  efficiency
• Some response in nursery pigs
• 50 ppm in gestation increased litter size birth
  weight

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Economics of Feed Additives

• Very dependent of farm
• 2.64/pig for antibiotics (Zimmerman, 1986)
• 3.93/pig for antibiotics (Cromwell, 1999)

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Calculating Economic Return

• Based of off feed efficiency needed just to pay
  for the product
• (New Diet - Old Diet ) 100 improvement
• Old Diet cost in F/G
  needed
• to pay for itself

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Example

• Current diet cost 120/ton
• Feed additive costs 15 to add to a ton of feed
• (135 - 120) 100 12.5 improvement in F/G
• 120 just to pay for itself
• If getting a 10 improvement in feed efficiency,
  still losing money!!!

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Doesnt take into Consideration Changes in

• Gain
• Carcass characteristics
• Deathloss

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Summary

• Feed additives can be effective tools when used
  properly
• Do the Homework for YOUR operation
• Match disease problem with feed additive
• Feed additives are not a replacement for poor
  management
• Ractopamine is economically advantageous when
  used strategically
• Make sure you get a real Net economic benefit
  thats consistent

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Supplemental Data if have time or questions
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Lincomycin

• Reducing the severity of swine mycoplasmal
  pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
• Controlling ileitis, also known as Porcine
  Proliferative Enteropathy
• Treating and controlling swine dysentery

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Lincomycin

• Increasing the rate of weight gain in
  growing-finishing swine
• FDA approved for ileitis control and Mycoplasma
  hyopneumoniae
• LINCOMIX at 40 g/t for ileitis control costs 5
  to 7 less per ton than the approved Tylan dose
  of 100 g/t

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Tylosin (Tylan)

• Classic antibiotic used for growth promotion
• Relatively inexpensive
• No withdrawal. Tylan can be fed to market weight
• Only Tylan Premix, fed at 100 g/ton, is approved
  to prevent and control ileitis. No other product
  can legally make this claim

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Tylosin (Tylan)

• Convenient. One product for ileitis prevention
  and growth promotion
• Tylan is primarily active against gram-positive
  bacteria and has significant activity against
  mycoplasma
• Feeding it during grow-finish phase increased
  longissimus muscle area

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Carbadox (Mecadox)

• Typically fed in the Pre-weaning, Nursery, and
  early Grower diets
• For the treatment of clinical outbreaks of swine
  dysentery (vibrioic dysentery, "bloody" scours of
  haemorrhagic dysentery)
• For the prevention and control of swine dysentery

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Carbadox (Mecadox)

• For increase in rate of mass gain and improvement
  of feed efficiency
• 5 week withdrawal prior to slaughter
• Do not use in feeds containing bentonite
• Usually too expensive to use strictly for growth
  promotion

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Insurance Policies

• Chlortetracycline
• Bacitracin (BMD)
• Inexpensive
• May enhance gain and feed efficiency