Mountain Aquifer: Cradle to Grave Analysis

1
Mountain Aquifer Cradle to Grave Analysis

• Glenna Anton
• URBS/Geog 515 Race, Poverty the Environment
• Professor Raquel Pinderhughes, Urban Studies
  Environmental Studies Programs, San Francisco
  State University
• Spring 2004
• Public has permission to use the material herein,
  but only if author, course, university, and
  professor are credited.

2
This presentation focuses on water of the
mountain aquifer in the West Bank.
3
The Mountain Aquifer
Source The United Nations University, 2004
4

• This presentation is designed to follow the
  various stages that mountain aquifer water in the
  West Bank goes through, from its point of
  extraction to its disposal. It takes you through
  the cradle to grave lifecycle of mountain aquifer
  water, paying particular attention to the social,
  environmental and public health impacts of the
  processes associated with mountain aquifer water.

Wadi Qelt and Ein Sultan, source The Great
Mirror, 2004
5

• We start by looking at how water is extracted
  from the mountain aquifer. We then look at how it
  is distributed to areas for domestic,
  agricultural and industrial use. This is followed
  by an examination of the agricultural and
  industrial processes in which the water is used.
  Finally, we look at the distribution of mountain
  aquifer water after it has been used, to waste
  sites and waste processes it undergoes.

6
Geography - land

• Geographic Palestine (Israel-Palestine), is
  bordered by Lebanon in the North, Syria and
  Jordan in the East, Egypt in the South and the
  Mediterranean Sea in the West. Its full area
  amounts to a mere 27,024 (10,434 sq mi) square
  kilometers (Elmusa 1997 17).

Source Frontline, 2003.
7

• In 1948 when control over geographic Palestine
  was transferred from Britain to the State of
  Israel, it was divided into Israel proper, the
  West Bank (5,545 sq km/ 2,141 sq mi) (Elmusa
  1997).

Source Applied Research Institute Jerusalem
(ARIJ), 2004
8
and the Gaza Strip (365 sq km/ 141 sq mi).
Source University of Texas Library Map
Collection, 2004
9

• Together, the West Bank and Gaza Strip constitute
  approximately 22 of geographic Palestine (Elmusa
  1997).

Source Gush Shalom, 2004
10
Geography - Water

• Israel-Palestine is classified as subropical
  scrubland, semidesert, and desert (CSWSME 1999).
  Water scarcity is a severe problem in this hot,
  dry region.
• Northwestern Israel has a cooler and wetter
  Mediterranean climate and the south is a dry
  desert. Water scarcity is a severe problem in
  this hot, dry region.

Source The Great Mirror, West Bank Southern
Countryside, 2004.
11

• Although the river basin itself is one
  hydrological unit, the area it encompasses,
  Israel, the Occupied Territories and Jordan is,
  economically, culturally and politically
  fragmented in many different ways.

Source United Nations Environment Programme, 2004
12

• Since 1948, the water of the Jordan basin, has
  been a source of ongoing conflict between Israel
  and the Arab riparians. However, scarcity alone
  is not the cause of conflict over water.
• As you will see, the structure of control over
  the water supply - in this case the mountain
  aquifer - plays a crucial role in the conflict
  over water resources.

13
Mountain Aquifer

• The mountain aquifer is a renewable aquifer that
  is recharged by rainfall in the Mountains of the
  West Bank (BTselem 1998).
• It is one of the two main water sources in
  Israel-Palestine. The other main source is the
  Jordan River.

14

• The reason for the significance of the mountain
  aquifer is that it is the largest and highest
  quality source of water for both Israelis and
  Palestinians.
• It supplies Israelis with one-third of their
  water and almost all of water used by
  Palestinians in the West Bank comes from this
  aquifer (Btselem 1998).

15

• The mountain aquifer system is made up of three
  different aquifers
• 1. The western
• 2. The northeastern
• 3. The eastern (Elmusa 1997)

Source Palestininan Water Authority, 2004
16

• Underneath the ground, the water of the mountain
  aquifer flows east and west into reservoirs. From
  these reservoirs, the water is extracted from
  wells (Btselem 1998).

Source United Nations Environment Programme, 2004
17
Distribution Control of Water

• As a result of the 1967 war between Israel and
  its Arab neighbors, Israel seized control of the
  West Bank and Gaza Strip, which had previously
  been under Jordanian and Egyptian authority
  respectively.

18

• The seizure of the West Bank gave Israel control
  over bulk of the water in the mountain aquifer.
  Through a series of abandoned property laws,
  implemented by numerous military orders, Israel
  seized control of an unknown number of
  Palestinian wells that had been used for
  irrigation (BTselem, 1998).
• Abandoned property, you must understand, could
  be land belonging to displaced refugees, fallow
  land, Palestinian communal or religious land, or
  even the land of people who have gone on vacation
  (Hassoun 1998).

19
Impact of This History on Distribution Today

• Today, Israel uses one-third of the water from
  the mountain aquifer, while the Palestinians rely
  almost entirely on the mountain aquifer for their
  water.
• This amounts to Israel using 80 to 200282 of
  mountain aquifer water, while Palestinians use 18
  to 20 (Shiva 2002).
• The effect is that Palestinians have been forced
  to survive on the same amount of water since
  1967, regardless of population growth (Shiva
  2002).
• To provide context, the average Israeli uses four
  times as much water as the average Palestinian,
  and the average Israeli settler eight times as
  much (Seitz 2003).

20

• Israeli settlements in the West Bank have
  community swimming pools, flower gardens and
  broad expanses of green lawn. About 140
  Palestinian communities meanwhile, have no
  running water at all (Trounsan 1999).

Source The Great Mirror, West Bank Israeli
Settlement Photo 19, 2004
21
Uneven Distribution

• West Bank Palestinians are using less than the
  natural water recharge on their land. Therefore,
  it will probably shock you to find out how dire
  the situation is in terms of Palestinians access
  to water.
• the average Palestinian per capita water use
  for domestic purposes reaches 30 m3/yearcompared
  to 100 m3/year in Israel. Meanwhile, total per
  capita water use is estimated at 140 m3/year in
  Palestine compared to 580 m3/year in Israel
• --Palestinian Hydrology Group, 2004

22
Public Water Tap, Jenin Source Palestinian
Hydrology Group
23
(No Transcript)
24

• Palestinians today face innumerable barriers and
  restrictions in gaining access to water.
• 1. High price of up-to-date technical equipment
  to dig and pump wells.
• 2. Dependence on Israeli middle-men, who attach
  extra taxes and fees on technical equipment.
• 3. Palestinians must obtain permits from the
  Israeli government to drill wells.

25
Restrictions on Drilling Wells

• Imagine the frustration of having to pass
  eighteen stages of approval in various
  departments of the Civil Administration, Mekorot
  Israels national water corporation, the Water
  Planning Authority, and the Ministry of
  Agriculture (Btselem 1998), just to obtain a
  permit that is most often denied.

26

• Of the 350 Palestinian wells in operation in the
  West Bank only twenty-three of them (6.5), have
  been drilled since 1967. However, many wells no
  longer function because of problems accessing
  up-to-date drilling pumping equipment and
  because Jewish settlements use of water from
  Israeli wells has caused Palestinian wells
  located near settlements to dry up.
• (Btselem 1998)

Source John Reese, Palestinian Well, 2003
27
Drilling Restrictions

• When Palestinians are able to obtain permits, the
  specified depth is often too shallow to produce
  significant amounts of water.
• In fact, the more plentiful lower Cenomanian
  layer which also contains fresher water is most
  often exploited for the benefit of Israeli
  settlers (Elmusa 1997 90).
• Overtime, overpumping of the lower layers of the
  aquifer have led to increased salinity in many
  Palestinian wells (Elmusa 199790).

28
A Case in Point

• The limits on Palestinian drilling have led to
  cases, such as the one in the Toubas area in
  which, according to the head of the Palestinian
  Water Authority, Fadl Qawash, there is only one
  well for 50,000 people, which produces not more
  than five litres per capita daily (Qawash
  2003, quoted in Setiz 2003 23).

29

• Thus, it is only through artificially repressing
  Palestinian water consumption, by prohibiting
  Palestinians to drill wells on their soil, or
  limiting Palestinian wells to 140 meters in
  depth, while permitting Israelis to drill wells
  as deep as 800 meters (Shiva 2002) , that Israel
  can continue to live at its current standards,
  especially in the settlements, as I will
  demonstrate later.

30

• Let me reiterate
• many Israeli settlements have community
  swimming pools, flower gardens and broad expanses
  of green lawn while about 140 Palestinian
  communitieshave no running water at all .
  During droughts it is not uncommon for Israel to
  cut water supply to the West Bank in order to
  meet its own needs.

31
Source above - Great Mirror, Israeli Settlement
Photo 10 right - Tanks? No. Tanks!, Nablus, 2004
32
Zionism Agriculture

• The State of Israel was established by early
  Zionists whose core belief was that Jews had a
  right to reclaim the land of Israel.
• Early Zionists brought with them a European view
  of progress that viewed the region as desolate
  and in need of development.
• Thus, they promoted self-sufficiency and a
  romantic view of agriculture as representing the
  soul of Israel (Berck Lipow 1994).

33
Greening the Desert

• Requires heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers
• Requires transporting water from outside of the
  Jordan River Valley to drier areas in the south
• This has had dire consequences for the ecology of
  the region and for the Palestinians access to
  their fair share of the water

Source kibbutz Ortal, 2004
34
Cotton Farming in Israel

• Cultivation of water greedy cotton crops in an
  arid environment is not very sensible. Although
  Israel uses treated wastewater for growing
  cotton, that water could be conserved and used
  for other purposes.

Source Beit Hashita Kibbutz, 2004
35
Judaizing the Land

• Zionist ideology (the Jewish right to the land of
  Israel) also involves establishing farmland in
  areas that are primarily Arab. The point is to
  undermine regional solidarity, thereby
  maintaining control over the water and land of
  these areas (Yiftachel1998). This, in addition to
  greening the desert, is why Israel continues to
  use the bulk of its water resources for
  agriculture even though it only makes up a small
  percentage of the GDP (Elmusa 1997).

36
Institutionalized Zionism

• Today Israels water policies are guided by
  deeply entrenched Zionism in its
  institutionalized political framework.
• The supreme authority for the formulation and
  implementation of water policy in Israelis the
  Minister of Agriculture, who is responsible for
  setting norms and standards relating to water
  quotas, quality, price, supply and use .
  (Menahem, 1998)

37
Uses of Water

• Agriculture
• Although Israel is 92 urbanized, it uses 57 of
  its water for agriculture (CWSME, 1999)
• Israels subsidization of water for its
  agricultural sector makes little sense when we
  realize that agriculture accounts for lt4 of the
  workforce and 3 of the GDP. (CWSME, 1999)

38
Palestinian Agriculture

• Unlike Israels agricultural sector, Palestinian
  agriculture plays a larger role in economic life,
  justifying a larger allocation of water to
  agriculture.
• Agriculture constitutes approximately 33 of the
  GDP and a similar percentage of the workforce.
  Approximately 64 of water used by Palestinians
  in the West Bank is for agriculture (Elmusa 1997).

39
Farmland - Jericho Valley

• Source Palestinian Hydrology Group, 2004

Source Palestinian Hydrology Group
40

• Before the Second Intifadha Palestinians
  benefited from Israels subsidization of
  agriculture. The reason is because the two
  economies are co-dependent. Thus, Palestinian
  farmers could sell their products at the same
  high prices as Israeli farmers to Israeli markets
  (Berck and Lipow, 1994).

41
Military Economic Reasons for Preeminent Role
of Agriculture in Palestinian Society

• 1) Fear that Israelis will starve Palestinians
  into submission.
• 2) Agriculture is one of the sectors in which
  Palestinians can exercise economic control and
  act as entrepreneurs. Industrial development has
  been hampered by political uncertainty and by
  policies pursued by Israeli administrators.
• 3) ... few Palestinians hold a formal title to
  the land or water they useland that is not
  actively tilled and water that is not consumed
  can be subject to expropriation. (Berck Lipow
  1994)

42
Contaminated Wells

• Since the late 1970s, Palestinian farmers have
  increasingly adopted modern technological farming
  methods (Elmusa 1995).
• Today pesticides make up almost 40 of the budget
  of local farmers. These pesticides invariably
  accumulate in aquifers. Once this happens, it is
  very difficult to reverse.
• They usually purchase these pesticides,
  fertilizers and other agricultural inputs from
  Israeli suppliers who attach extra taxes and fees
  (Bizreit University).

43
Pesticide Use in Jericho
Source Applied Research Institute Jerusalem
(ARIJ)
44
Suppliers Are Guilty of Neglect!

• The irresponsibility of the pesticide suppliers
  is evidenced by the lack of instruction they
  offer to farmers who, according to Sansur,
  "really have no knowledge of what they are
  dealing with." This, coupled with the fact that
  labeling is often in Hebrew, has led many into a
  mentality that, "if one drop per litre of water
  is good, ten drops is better (Bizreit University)
• Many of these pesticides have been banned in
  industrialized nations, including Israel.

45
Health Impacts from Water Contamination

• Maan Development Centre found that a large
  percentage of the most dangerous pesticides in
  the West Bank and Gaza caused cancer (blood
  cancer, lungs cancer, lymphatic, brain cancer,
  bone cancer) in addition to neurotic diseases and
  other mal-figurations and miscarriages
• http//www.maan-ctr.org/WhatsNew/index.html

46

• What is clear is that the disproportional amount
  of water allocated to agriculture in the region
  makes little economic or geographic sense.

47
Palestinian Industry
Source Palestinian Hydrology Group

• The Palestinian economy is de-industrialized.
• Israels control over borders and roads as well
  as the numerous checkpoints and Israeli
  settlements that dot the West Bank create a
  non-contiguous Palestinian territory. Not only
  does Israels policy steadily diminish land that
  belongs to, but it also prevents smooth
  circulation of commodities, access to markets and
  it cuts Palestinians off from developing economic
  relationships with any other state besides Israel
  (Hanieh 2002).

48
Palestinian Bantustans in the West Bank

• These brown areas
• are the only areas
• under full Palestinian
• control
• X Areas of confrontation between Israeli forces
• and Palestinian demonstrators
• . Areas where the Palestinian Authority is only
  responsible
• for social and civil services
• Israeli settlements
• Nature reserves

Source Palestine Monitor
49
Economic Dependency

• The purpose of this policy is to make the
  Palestinian economy completely integrated into
  and dependent on the Israeli economy through
  expropriating land in the West Bank and forcing
  Palestinians intocantons (Hanieh 2002 39).

50
Low-wage Workers

• This process is compounded by Israels recent
  move toward importing foreign, low-wage workers
  from places such as Thailand and the Philippines
  in place of hiring Palestinians workers.
• This has meant that the Palestinian
  working-class, which was created through the
  forced dispossession from farmland in 1948, has
  become a tap that can be turned on and off
  depending on the economic and political
  situation (Hanieh 2002 35). De-development is
  thus has undermined development of an industrial
  sector in the West Bank.

51
How does water figure into de-development?Not
ice the 1400 gap in water used in industry
There is simply not enough water available to
have a viable industrial sector. Annual Water
Consumption per Person in Cubic Meters, Israelis
and West Bank Palestinians, 1996
Source BTselem 1998
52
Technological Dependency

• De-development also affects the agricultural
  sector.
• The super-green revolution which involves the
  use of drip irrigation and other water efficient
  forms of irrigation have transformed the Jordan
  Valley, in the West Bank (Elmusa 1995).

53
DRIP IRRIGATION JORDAN VALLEY, ISRAEL YARMUCH
RIVER - RESERVOIR, Source Jordan Valley Website
54
Super-green Revolution

• The technologies, while water efficient, pose
  problems for West Bank farmers by increasing
  their dependence on western technologies.
• They have had a limited impact because of their
  high capital costs and the unpredictability of
  export markets.
• Most importantly, the new technology is suited
  not to the capabilities of small farmers or to
  their need to cultivate staple crops. Thus, they
  do not benefit the bulk of the farmers in the
  region (Elmusa 1995).

55

• The important point you must understand is that
  for the Palestinians agriculture is their most
  viable economic base
• But for the Israelis, the water is not an
  economic necessity. Most of the water from the
  mountain aquifer goes to the settlements.

56

• Settlements are a big source of conflict and are
  illegal under international law, which prohibits
  an citizens of an occupying country from living
  in the occupied area.

57
Water From Wells to Destination
58
Technology

• There are several ways that water gets from wells
  to homes and agricultural land.
• 1) Through a piping network
• 2) From water tanks
• 3) From cisterns and pools

59
How the Piping Network Works

• Water comes from wells and that are pumped into a
  piping network. There are valves at every
  junction of the network that open and close. When
  people turn on and off the faucet they are
  actually manually opening the valve that lets the
  water come out.

Source The Scientific Visualization Group
60

• One half of the piping network is controlled by
  Israel the other half is controlled by the
  Palestinian Authority.
• Palestinians who get their water from the Israeli
  network suffer from intermittent service because
  Israelis turn their water off during droughts and
  political turmoil.

Source Palestinian Hydrology Group
61
Case in Point

• In 1984 the village of al-Rujayb reportedly
  paid JD1,000 (or about 3,000) and the
  subscribers JD35 each in order to get hooked up
  with Mekorots (Israeli National Water Carrier)
  mainline. In May 1989, however, water ceased to
  reach the houses built on higher elevations then
  the cutoff expanded to other areas until by
  December the entire village was without piped
  water (Elmusa 1997 115).

62
Piping Network Statistics

• The piping network supplies 60 of Palestinian
  household with water.
• 36 have adequate piping networks.
• 42 must contend with leaky pipes.
• 22 have bad networks
• -- Palestinian Hydrology Group

63

• Even though Israel supplies half of Palestinian
  households that are connected to the network with
  water, since 1993, Israel ...has spent less on
  services in the West Bank and Gaza than it has
  taken from them in tax. (Wilkinson, 2002)
• A large part of the problem is that, to update
  infrastructure, Palestinian municipalities have
  to deal with arbitrary and bureaucratic obstacles
  enforced by the Israeli government.

64
Water Tankers
Water tanker, Jenin -- November 2002 Source
Palestinian Hydrology Group

• Many communities rely on water tankers, because
  of Israels restrictions on development of new
  sources and disproportionate use of wells.
• Most of the water tankers get their water from
  Israels National Water Carrier (Mekorot).

65
Problems for Water Tankers

• High price of water - as of September 2002, 75
  of the Palestinian population lives under poverty
  line (2/day) (Palestinian Hydrology Group)
• Harassment at the Mekorot connection
• Tanker drivers must risk their lives to go out of
  their area to get water. The biggest problem for
  them is attacks by Israeli settlers.--
  Palestinian Hydrology Group

Water tanker at checkpoint Source John Reese
Photographs
66
A Case in Point

• Tanker carrying water for Beit Furik Beit Dajan
  villages in the West Bank
• the tanker convoy had been fired on by settlers
  when one of the tankers broke down near the
  settlement entrance. While the drivers took cover
  at the DCO, about 400 meters away, settlers
  managed to unbolt and remove the water pump from
  the broken-down tanker. The soldiers at the DCO
  were quite sympathetic, the driver said, but they
  had not got the pump back (Wilkinson 2002)

67

• When drivers finally manage to fill the tankers,
  they must contend with an overwhelming number of
  checkpoints and road blockages.
• Tankers themselves are not always sterile,
  because of lack of water for cleaning.
• To make matters worse, it is not uncommon for
  unsterilized tankers to be kept waiting for hours
  in the sun. (Wilkinson)

• Waits at any of dozens of fixed and mobile
  Israeli military checkpoints can last for hours,
  often delay the arrival of much-needed water
  tankers, and artificially raise the price of
  those tankers water.

68
Cisterns and Pools
Source John Reese Photographs, Cistern, 2003

• Cisterns are water storage reservoirs that people
  dig either into rock or into soft earth. Cisterns
  store water from springs, water tankers, rooftops
  and other sources (Elmusa 1997).
• Cistern coverage, 615 of 708 West Bank
  communities
• 20 (122 communities) lt 5
• 32 (193 communities) between 5 and 50
• 37 (223 communities) have between 50 and 95
• 11 (68 communities have 95-- Palestinian Hyd.
  Group

69

• Palestinians
• filling a cisterm
• with water from
• a tanker.
• ---Photo
• B'Tselem, 1998

70
Impacts
71
Impacts of Disparities

• Livelihood
• Palestinians are unable to irrigate their farms,
  yet agriculture is their key economic base.
  There has been no industrial development in the
  West Bank for many reasons, including lack of
  water.

Source John Reese Photos, Palestinian farmland
72
Impacts of Disparities

• Health
• Over-extraction has caused salinity in many wells
• Inadequate sewage systems has led to
  contamination of wells.
• In some places people have resorted to using
  dirty water .

• Dirty water storage container--Rantis Village,
  West Bank
• Photo Palestinian Hydrology Group

73
Case in Point

• Btselem
• Such extreme water shortages have created a
  colossal public health disaster throughout the
  West Bank. There are sharp increases in
  dehydration, digestive diseases, amoebic
  infections and diarrhea. Children are
  particularly vulnerable. One hospital in Hebron,
  for example, reported a case in which a breast
  feeding mother brought in her baby who was
  suffering from dehydration. The mother had not
  been drinking enough water. Without adequate
  amounts of water people cannot clean utensils,
  bottles, cisterns and tanks properly (BTselem
  1998).

74
Case in Point

• In some places people have resorted to pumping
  water from dirty wells. In others they use
  stagnant water to wash with. In one village
  Beit Dajan - for example, Reporter Talal Jabari ,
  observed some residentshave started putting
  ladders into their cisterns to draw what little
  stagnant water remains(Jabari 2002). Stagnant
  water is an ideal habitat for bugs and snails
  that spread disease .

75
Case in Point

• Hospitals are unable to deal with the increase in
  water-related diseases. Even before the Intifidha
  hospitals could not access adequate amounts of
  water. In September 1998, for example, the
  largest hospital in Hebron was reduced to digging
  a cistern to store water that it purchased from
  water tankers. On a few occasions the previous
  summer it had no water at all. This, explained
  the director, prohibited the hospital from
  operating the dialysis machines. More than ten
  patients were in dialysis at the time (bTselem
  1998)

76
Testimony of Mahmud Bashir Rahed Dawik, a
physician at al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron

• In the winter, when there is no water problem,
  we customarily change the sheets every eight
  hours. Now we do it only every twelve hours,
  except, of course, where there are blood stains
  or where the patient really dirtied the sheet.
  The hospital does not have enough water for
  laundering, and we often have to wait to do the
  laundry until the water tankers arrive. The
  bathrooms do not have any running water at all.
  The hospital does not have enough water to wash
  the patients.(BTselm 1998)

77
Impacts of Current Political Turmoil

• Intifadha
• The Second Intifadha began in 2000. Ultimately,
  it is the Palestinian uprising against ongoing
  Israeli domination and control.
• Israels response to the Intifadha has had dire
  consequences for Palestinian access to water

78
Destruction of Pipes

• Water pipe destroyed by Israeli tank
• --Source Palestinian Hydrology Group

• Destroyed water pipe
• Source John Reese

79
The Separation Wall

• A separation wall is currently being built along
  the eastern border of the West Bank. Israel calls
  it a security fence, but many believe that it
  is actually an attempt to create a new eastern
  border.
• --It cuts juts far into the West Bank.
  Significantly diminishing Palestinian land.

Source John Reese Photos
80

• So far, at least 32 Palestinian wells, numerous
  olive groves and agricultural land has been
  confiscated in the process of building the
  security fence and this is only the beginning
  stages of construction --Palestinian Hydrology
  Group.
• The fence separates many Palestinian villages (on
  the eastern side of the fence) from their wells
  and farmland (on the western side).

• Confiscation of wells

Source Gush Shalom
81
The Wall
Structural Terror The construction continues -
Qalandya Source Middle East Report

• Palestinian Hydrology Group reports that wells on
  the opposite side of the fence are located in
  the Western Groundwater Basin and were drilled
  prior to 1967. As a result, Palestinians will
  loose nearly 18 of their share of the Western
  Groundwater Basin (Palestinian Hyd. Group). For
  many villages, that is their only water sources.

82
Conclusion

• This cradle to grave analysis of water from the
  mountain aquifer calls into to question the
  existing racial, and class inequalities in
  Israel-Palestine in light of the values of
  equality, rationality and sustainability.

83

• Only by recognizing that current structure of
  control over water from the mountain aquifer, can
  we recognize that adoption of more
  water-efficient technologies by Palestinians and
  more equitiable distribution of water resources
  cannot occur without simultaneous political and
  economic restructuring in the region. Most
  importantly, of course, this restructuring would
  involve a complete end to the Israeli occupation
  of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

84
References

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85

• Jabari, Talal. 2002. Waterless World. Palestine
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