PROJECT PREPARATION Tread Enhancements Module

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PROJECT PREPARATIONTread Enhancements Module

• Specifying Trail Structures to stabilize/improve
  tread on Trails

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Objective

• Objective of this topic is to educate those
  preparing projects on
• Trail structures that improves and protects tread
  functionality
• Being able to identify problems
• Prescribing efficient solutions

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Enhancement Structures

• Puncheon
• Boardwalk
• Fords
• Bridges (discussed in another module)
• Rock Retaining Walls
• Log Retaining Walls
• Post and Plank Retaining Walls

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Puncheon
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932-01 Puncheon w/o Decking

• Design variations
• Material options

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932-2 Puncheon w/ Decking

• Design variations
• Material options

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Puncheon

• Intended Uses
• Carry trail over wet areas
• Limitations
• Availability of materials to construct
• Native materials have short life span
• Cost and enhancements
• Materials could be costly (treated building
  material)
• Assure that native logs are peeled
• Maintenance
• Need to keep clean of debris to avoid rot
• Assure that approaches do not become step downs

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Puncheon Under construction, mud sills
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Puncheon Log decking, unpeeled, span too long,
only two stringers
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Puncheon Three stringers, peeled log decking
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Puncheon Split decking
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Puncheon Old decking with running plank To extend
life, step up approach
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Puncheon Treated sawn decking, native curb logs
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Puncheon Native logs with Soil deck, low life
expectancy
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Puncheon Treated decking, looks good
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Boardwalk
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Boardwalk

• Intended Uses
• Carry trail over wet or sensitive areas
• Limitations
• Not appropriate in all ROS classes
• Cost and enhancements
• Costly to install
• Can use materials other than wood
• Maintenance
• Keep clean to prevent rot

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Boardwalk without handrails, slightly elevated
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Boardwalk Step and run
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Constructed Ford
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912-7 Stream Ford - Rock

• Design variations
• Material options

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912-7 Stream Ford - Log

• Design variations
• Material options

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Constructed Ford

• Intended Uses
• Provide safe stream crossings for intended user
  group
• Limitations
• May not be able to be used during certain seasons
  (spring run-off)
• Cost and enhancements
• Relatively cheap to install
• Maintenance
• Need to remove large rocks that could move into
  ford during spring run-off

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Constructed Fords Minor construction
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Constructed Fords Stepping stones for hikers
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Constructed Fords Random crossing logs
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Constructed Fords Armored approaches
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Constructed Fords Appropriate? Possible?
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Rock Retaining Wall
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935-1 Rock Retaining Wall

• Design variations
• Material options

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Rock Retaining Wall

• Intended Uses
• To support tread
• Can also be used as rip rap above tread
• Could be used as part of bridge abutments
• Limitations
• Source of rock needs to be within reason distance
• Cost and enhancements
• Could be expensive to build if source of rock is
  not close
• Maintenance
• Minimal maintenance

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Rock Retaining Wall Supports tread
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Rock Retaining Wall Supports tread
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Rock Retaining Wall Supports fill slope
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Log Retaining Wall
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934-1 Log Retaining Wall

• Aka. Log Cribbing
• Design variations
• Material options

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Log Retaining Wall

• Intended Uses
• To support tread
• Could be used as bridge abutment
• Limitations
• Source of building materials
• Should be built of treated boards
• Native materials could have short life span
• Cost and enhancements
• Could be expensive if source of materials is not
  close to building site
• Maintenance
• Periodic inspection to assure soundness of wood

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Log Retaining Wall Cribbing across old landslide
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Log Retaining Wall Cribbing across old landslide
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Log Retaining Wall Cribbing to support bridge
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Log Retaining Wall Cribbing across
landslide, Wire basket foundation
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Post Plank Retaining Wall
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Post Plank Retaining Wall

• Intended Uses
• To support tread
• Limitations
• Relatively short life span
• Use only in appropriate ROS
• Maintenance
• Periodic inspection to assure soundness of boards

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Post Plank Retaining Wall Probably needs
upslope retaining wall
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Post Plank Retaining Wall Across rock chute
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Surfacing
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941-1 Aggregate Surfacing

• Design variations
• Material options

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942-1 Asphalt Surfacing

• Design variations
• Material options

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944-1 Grid Unit Surfacing

• Design variations
• Material options

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Surfacing

• Intended Uses
• Establish a firm tread by importing suitable
  material (does not include native material)
• Limitations
• Needs to meet ROS and setting (developed/wildernes
  s)
• Cost and enhancements
• Cost depends on the material and transportation
  of material
• Asphalt is costly
• Maintenance
• Depends on type of material but all types must be
  maintained

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Asphalt Surfacing With treated retainers
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Aggregate Surfacing With treated retainers
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Aggregate Surfacing With treated log retainers
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Aggregate Surfacing Using geoweb
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Grid Unit Surfacing Very good wear resistance
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Talus or Rubble Rock Section
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912-3 Talus Rock Section

• Design variations
• Material options

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Talus Rock Section

• Intended Uses
• Constructing a trail across a talus slope
• Limitations
• Size of rock can make construction difficult
• Cost and enhancements
• Normally need aggregate or smaller rock for tread
• Maintenance
• Large rocks roll on to tread
• Loss of aggregate in voids between larger rocks

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Talus Rock Section Under construction
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Talus Rock Section Finished product
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Talus Rock Section Finished product
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Stairs
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933-2 Crib Ladder Stairway

• Design variations
• Material options

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933-3 Rock Stairways

• Design variations
• Material options

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933-5 Log Riser Stairway

• Design variations
• Material options

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Stairs

• Intended Uses
• Rapid vertical gain over short horizontal
  distance
• Levels tread on steep slopes holds surfacing
  material in place
• Limitations
• ROS must be compatible
• Cost and enhancements
• Maintenance
• Replace surface material as needed
• Ensure water is drained from surface to prevent
  mud holes

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Stairs Steel angle iron bolted to solid rock
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Log Staircase With aggregate fill
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Rock Staircase With handrail and rock retaining
walls
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Armoring
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Armoring

• Intended Uses
• Hardening a surface to support the traffic ex.
  Rock at edge of ford
• Covering loose material to help prevent it from
  moving ex. Rock placed on cut or fill
• Limitations
• Suitable material may need to be large
• Cost and enhancements
• Maintenance
• Add armoring material as needed

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Slope Armoring Wire basket revetment
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Barriers
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953-1 Log Barrier

• Design variations
• Material options

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953-5 Rock Barrier

• Design variations
• Material options

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Barriers

• Intended Uses
• Passive control of traffic from areas where it is
  not wanted or desirable
• Limitations
• At times may appear obtrusive
• May not work
• Cost and enhancements
• Maintenance
• Replace structures removed by users

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Barriers Stones are a little small
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Rock Cairns
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952-2 Rock Cairn

• Design variations
• Material options

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Rock Cairns

• Intended Uses
• Reassurance markers in open areas where tread is
  indistinctive or snow covered
• Limitations
• Finding suitable material
• Cost and enhancements
• Depends on availability of suitable material
• Maintenance
• Replace rocks as needed low cost

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Rock Cairn Appropriate size
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Signs
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952-1 Signs and Posts

• Design variations
• Material options

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Signs

• Intended Uses
• Provide direction and distance to destination
• Identification of improvement (trail) or feature
  (lake)
• Map of trail system
• Provide general information
• Limitations
• Suitability of material compatible with ROS
• People like to take them home
• Cost and enhancements
• Metal signs more expensive than wood
• Maintenance
• Damage from firearms, animals, weather, wildfire

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Trail Signs Good example
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Lower sign states trail not maintained
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Trail Signs
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Pertainate Information?
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Information unreadable
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Shape of sign make these three identifiable
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Trail Signs
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Tree used for post
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Wood Post
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Older metal strip attached to wood board
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Trail Signs
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Trail Signs
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Only one of these signs Is readable. It is so
high And the letters so small No one can read it.
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How visible is this sign?
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Trail Signs
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Trail Signs
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Trail Signs
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End Tread Enhancements