Chapter 13: Closing the Frontier

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• Chapter 13 Closing the Frontier
• 1866-1888

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Engage

• Think about what it would be like if you and the
  other families in your community had to give up
  your homes and move to someplace you have never
  been. How would you react?

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Section 1 The Frontiers Wars

• MAIN IDEA
• After the Civil War, the United States fought a
  series of wars against the Indians living in
  Texas. The defeat of the Indians opened West
  Texas to white settlement.

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Why did American officials agree that the Indians
should move to the reservations?

• Continued Native American raids caused the army
  to switch from defending the plains to forcing
  the Native Americans onto reservations in
  Oklahoma.

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Why was the Red River War significant?

• The Army destroyed Native American horses and the
  food supply. To do this, the Army almost wiped
  out the buffalo.
• By the end of the Red River War, most Plains
  Indians lived on reservations in Oklahoma.

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Critical Thinking What effect did the Frontier
Wars have on the Texas Indians?

• The Native Americans were forced off their tribal
  homelands and moved to reservations in the Indian
  Territory (Oklahoma).
• The Indian Wars ended in 1881.

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The Frontier Wars - Assessment

• In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians agreed
  to move to reservations in Indian Territory in
  exchange for
• (A) the right to vote in national elections.
• (B) government representation.
• (C) food and supplies.
• (D) the right to practice their own religion.
• Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?
• (A) Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the Indians
  food source
• (B) African American troops who fought in the
  Frontier Wars
• (C) Vigilante soldiers hired to kill Indians
• (D) Quakers sent to peacefully run the
  reservations

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The Frontier Wars - Assessment

• In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians agreed
  to move to reservations in Indian Territory in
  exchange for
• (A) the right to vote in national elections.
• (B) government representation.
• (C) food and supplies.
• (D) the right to practice their own religion.
• Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?
• (A) Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the Indians
  food source
• (B) African American troops who fought in the
  Frontier Wars
• (C) Vigilante soldiers hired to kill Indians
• (D) Quakers sent to peacefully run the
  reservations

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Section 2 Cattle Kingdom

• MAIN IDEA
• The Texas cattle industry enjoyed huge growth
  after the Civil War. This led to large cattle
  drives and the establishment of vast cattle
  ranches.

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Section 2 Cattle Kingdom

• Vaqueros, Spanish cowboys, used lariats to round
  up cattle from horseback. (A lariat is a long
  rope with a noose on one end.)

VAQUERO
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Spanish Origins

• Who brought the first cattle into Texas?
• The Spanish priests and soldiers when they
  established the missions.

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Anglo contribution

• Texas Longhorn were a mix of Spanish Anglo
  Cattle
• Texas' famed longhorn cattle are thought to have
  originated from Spanish and Mexican stock that
  ranged north of the Rio Grande, Some interbred
  with stray Anglo-American cattle from the
  southern states to produce, by the early 1800s,
  the true longhorn--lean in carcass, long in horn,
  and tough enough to thrive in south Texas rugged
  environment.

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WHY did the cattle drives take place?

• The cattle drives took place because before
  railroads driving the cattle was the only way to
  get them to market.

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Critical Thinking Why did the cattle industry
enjoy a period of great growth after the Civil
War?

• The cattle industry boomed after the Civil War
  because
• There was a demand for beef in the North East
• There was a huge supply of cattle in Texas
• The railroad made it easier to ship the cattle

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Critical Thinking What was the price difference
between cattle in the northeast and in Texas?

• Longhorns, worth 2-3 dollars in Texas were
  worth 20-30 in the East.

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Life on the Trail

• 5. What was life really like for the cowboys on
  the cattle drives?
• Hard work, long hours, dusty, sometimes
  dangerous
• 6. Describe the typical cowboy during this time
  period.
• Most were in their teens or mid-20s.
• Often of small build
• Strong, tough, independent
• 2/3 Anglo
• 1/3 African Americans, Tejanos or Mexicans

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Trail Drives and Ranches

• 7. When Missouri farmers objected to cattle from
  Texas being driven into their state, the Texas
  cattlemen brought their cows into Kansas
  Colorado.
• The quarantine laws slowed down the cattle drives
  and the cattle lost weight. When the cattle got
  to market, they were worth less money.

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Famous Trails

• 8.
• The Chisholm Trail ran from Texas to Abilene,
  Kansas.
• The Great Western Trail traveled through Indian
  Territory to Dodge City, Kansas.
• The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from West Texas
  through New Mexico and Colorado to Wyoming.
• 9. Drover - a person who moves livestock to
  market

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10. HugeRanches

• The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million
  acresabout as large as the state of Rhode
  Island.
• Charles Goodnights JA Ranch covered more than 1
  million acres.
• Chicago investors owned the XIT Ranch, which was
  almost as large as Connecticut.
• Sheep and goat ranching also expanded in Texas in
  the late 1800s.
• Some Texans owned mustang (wild horses) ranches.
• Cowboy Legend and Reality
• Cowboys generally did not fight with Native
  Americans.
• Drovers tried to avoid Indians.
• Not all cowboys carried guns.

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Cattle Kingdoms - Assessment

• 11. Why did some states pass quarantine laws to
  keep Texas cattle away from settled areas?
• (A) To keep the cattle from destroying private
  property
• (B) To keep children from being hurt by the
  cattle
• (C) To prevent crops from being trampled
• (D) To prevent the spread of disease

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Cattle Kingdoms - Assessment

• Why did some states pass quarantine laws to keep
  Texas cattle away from settled areas?
• (A) To keep the cattle from destroying private
  property
• (B) To keep children from being hurt by the
  cattle
• (C) To prevent crops from being trampled
• (D) To prevent the spread of disease

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Engage

• Imagine that one day you found that your street
  had been closed and you were forced to take a
  long and roundabout route to school or a friends
  house. How might you feel, especially when you
  learn it is permanent?

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Section 3 Westward Expansion
MAIN IDEA After the Civil War, the United
States fought a series of wars against the
Indians living in Texas. The defeat of the
Indians opened West Texas to white settlement.
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Section 3 Westward Expansion

• 1. Why did many people stream into West Texas in
  the 1870s? Native Americans were no longer a
  threat and railroad companies were building lines
  out west.
• What did the first settlers in West Texas Raise?
  Cattle and sheep

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Population Growth

• Why did many people stream into West Texas in the
  1870s? What did the first settlers in West Texas
  raise?
• Native Americans were no longer a threat
• Railroad companies were building lines
• The first settlers were cattle and sheep ranchers.

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The Growth of Railroads
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Hardships

• 2. What hardships did settlers face in West
  Texas? What groups were a threat to these
  settlers?
• Drought, blizzards, lack of timber for building
  houses (built sod houses), lack of timber for
  heating and cooking ( burned buffalo dung and
  corn stalks), grasshoppers, rattlesnakes,
  rodents, and eating wild game
• Cattle thieves Native Americans

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Homestead

• 3. How did settlers gain homestead in Texas?
• Settlers gained homestead in West Texas by living
  there for 3 years.

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End of an Era

• 4. Why did the cattle drive era come to an end
  in the 1880s?
• Barbed wire fences

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Westward Expansion

• 5. What were the Fence-Cutting Wars? Why did
  this war occur occur? How did it end?
• Landless cattle owners resorted to cutting fences
  put up by farmers and large ranchers to gain
  access to grass and water.
• Open grazers cut the fences to gain access to
  grasslands and water.
• To end these wars, Texas made fence-cutting a
  felony.

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Entertainment

• 6. Explain the ways settlers entertained
  themselves back in the late 1800s.
• Barn raising
• house raising
• quilting bees
• religious meetings/church

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Westward Expansion - Assessment

• 7. Why were enclosures so important to
  ranchers?
• (A) Enclosures allowed them to control the
  breeding of their animals.
• (B) Enclosures helped protect their crops.
• (C) Enclosures helped them get their cattle to
  market.
• (D) Enclosures made sure everyone had access to
  water sources.
• 8. What is a felony?
• (A) A minor crime that usually results in a fine
• (B) A serious crime that usually results in a
  fine
• (C) A serious crime that usually results in a
  jail sentence
• (D) A serious crime that is usually dismissed by
  the judge

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Westward Expansion - Assessment

• Why were enclosures so important to ranchers?
• (A) Enclosures allowed them to control the
  breeding of their animals.
• (B) Enclosures helped protect their crops.
• (C) Enclosures helped them get their cattle to
  market.
• (D) Enclosures made sure everyone had access to
  water sources.
• What is a felony?
• (A) A minor crime that usually results in a fine
• (B) A serious crime that usually results in a
  fine
• (C) A serious crime that usually results in a
  jail sentence
• (D) A serious crime that is usually dismissed by
  the judge

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Section 4 The Texas Rangers

• MAIN IDEA
• The Texas Rangers worked to enforce the law
  but they did not protect all Texans equally.

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Section 4 The Texas Rangers

• What caused Stephen F. Austin to create a force
  of Rangers in 1823? (officially formed by TX in
  1830s)
• To protect settlers against Native American
  attacks
• 2.How did the Texas Rangers change under
  President Lamar?
• Lamar wanted the Rangers to remove the Native
  Americans from Texas.
• 3.How did the Texas Rangers help the U.S. during
  the Mexican War?
• They scouted Mexican troop movements and
  protected supply lines.

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Texas Rangers
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Tasks of Texas Rangers

• 4. What were the main tasks of the Rangers
  during the 1870s?
• The main task of the Rangers during the 1870s was
  to protect Texans from outlaws, rustlers, Mexican
  bandits, and Native Americans
• The Frontier Battalion dealt with Native
  Americans, desperados and cattle rustlers.
• The Special Forces was responsible for
  controlling the Nueces Strip.

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Texas Rangers
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1900s

• What happened to the Texas Rangers in the early
  1900s?
• In 1901, the government cut their size to only
  four companies of 20 men each.

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The Texas Rangers - Assessment

• 6. Who were Mexicans referring to when they
  spoke of Los Diablos Tejanos?
• (A) Guerrilla fighters
• (B) Cattle rustlers
• (C) Desperados
• (D) Texas Rangers
• 7. The purpose of the Texas Rangers was to
• (A) help ranchers enclose their pastures.
• (B) establish law and order in lawless areas of
  Texas.
• (C) demonstrate Texas pride by showing off their
  horse riding skills.
• (D) make baseball more popular in the late 1800s.

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The Texas Rangers - Assessment

• Who were Mexicans referring to when they spoke
  of Los Diablos Tejanos?
• (A) Guerrilla fighters
• (B) Cattle rustlers
• (C) Desperados
• (D) Texas Rangers
• The purpose of the Texas Rangers was to
• (A) help ranchers enclose their pastures.
• (B) establish law and order in lawless areas of
  Texas.
• (C) demonstrate Texas pride by showing off their
  horse riding skills.
• (D) make baseball more popular in the late 1800s.