The Neanderthals

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The Neanderthals

• Middle Paleolithic Fossils, Technology, Culture

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The Middle Paleolithic

• 250,000 to 40,000 years ago.
• The time of the Neanderthals.
• Homo neanderthalensis
• Mousterian Tool Industry
• Based on Levallois flaking technique

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Chronology Review

• Basal Paleolithic
• 2.5 to 1.8 mya
• Time of Homo habilis
• Olduwan tools
• Lower Paleolithic
• 1.8 m to 250 kya
• Time of H. ergaster, H. erectus,
• H. heidelbergensis
• Acheulean hand axes
• Middle Paleolithic
• 250 to 40 kya
• Time of H. neanderthalensis
• H. sapiens
• Mousterian tools

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New concepts for the Middle Paleolithic

• The record is more complicated, so we ask
  different questions of it.

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Chaîne Opératoire

• With the Mousterian industry, we can see choices
  had to be made in steps to make tools.
• There is a succession of mental operations and
  technical gestures in order to satisfy a need
  according to a pre-existing project.

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Artifact Life Histories

• Similar to Chaîne Opératoire
• Procurement
• Manufacture
• Use
• a reuse
• b recycle
• Discard or loss

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Life history, part II

• The stages in the life history from procurement
  through use are the systemic context the
  behavioral or cultural context.
• After discard or loss, the artifact enters the
  archaeological context where it is subjected to
  the variables in the preservation equation.

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Levallois Flaking
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Mousterian tools are diverse in form
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One of the prehistorians difficulties is that
the intention of the prehistoric knapper may not
always be apparent.
The position is much clearer when we have
industries like that first recognized at
Levallois, in which flaked tools are found in
association with the tortoise-shaped cores from
which they were struck. Here there can be no
doubt that the primary object of the knapper was
to produce flake tools, the form of which was
accurately determined by preparatory work on the
core.
Grahame Clark 1971
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Neanderthal Sites

• La Ferrassie
• 50 kya
• Burial ground with a family burial.
• Le Moustier
• 50 kya
• Young man laid to rest with his head on his arm.

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La Ferrassie
Le Moustier
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The old man from La Chapelle
60 kya, France
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The old man from La Chapelle
Resorption of bone after tooth loss
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The old man from La Chapelle

• Many of the teeth were missing, and the bone
  that had surrounded these teeth showed evidence
  of healing after tooth loss. This means that the
  individual lived for a considerable time after
  losing many of his teeth. In all, the teeth lost
  during life included all of the cheek teeth on
  the right side of the lower jaw, the molars on
  the left, and at least the molars of the upper
  jaw. While the remaining teeth were probably
  sufficient for chewing, it is likely that this
  individual was supported by others in his final
  years.

www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/lachap.htm
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Shanidar Cave, Iraq.
Amputated humerus
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Shanidar Continued

• The man was covered with flower pollen.
• His humerus, upper arm bone, was withered.
• He was handicapped during his life by a withered
  arm.
• The Shanidar burial was a man whose arm was
  amputated.

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The Shanidar fossils show a very high frequency
of injuries, healed injuries of all different
kinds. The most extreme example of this is this
arm bone from Shanidar I. It's an upper arm bone
that's withered, has a healed fracture here, a
healed over amputation just above the elbow.
This is the bone from an arm stump that this
individual lived with for 20 or 30 years. And
what that says is that these people were taking
care of their injured kin. They were taking care
of people who had serious injuries so they could
survive them and continue to be functional
members of the social group for many years. Ah,
it was a dangerous lifestyle, but they were
compassionate, they were caring, they were
human.
Erik Trinkaus, NOVA interview
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The big word is compassion. They were able to
show compassion on the part of Neanderthals.
You've got a flower burial. That's a, that's a
very compassionate act. And then you've got this
got this individual with a withered arm that
wasn't able to fend for himself, therefore the
clan is, is coming around him and supporting him
and so forth. I mean it just fit everything that,
that movement at the time, in the '60s and the
'70s was looking for.
Harold Dibble, NOVA interview
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Teshik Tash

• Nine year old child.
• 70 kya.
• Uzbekistan

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Teshik Tash
The body was found along the western wall of the
cave with its feet pointed towards the entrance.
The most puzzling and provocative element of the
find are the six pairs of Siberian ibex horns
that had been placed face down in a circle around
the skull. Additionally, a small fire had been
briefly lit beside the body. Burial among
Neanderthals is a widely and hotly debated topic.
Yet the Teshik-Tash skeleton would seem to
indicate that at least some of the Neanderthals
ritually buried their dead.
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Synthesis of Lower to Middle Paleolithic

• H. heidelbergensis probably gone by 400 to 300
  kya.
• Premodern H. sapiens starts to appear between 300
  and 200 kya.
• Many of their features are similar to H.
  heidelbergensis, but brains size continues to
  increase above 1200 cc.
• One of those premodern groups was Neanderthal.
• Definitely around by 150 kya, perhaps as far back
  as 300 kya.
• Assigned to H. neanderthalensis.
• For certain, by 100 kya, H. erectus and H.
  heidelbergensis are gone, Neanderthals are
  present, and modern H. sapiens develops.

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Modern Homo sapiens sapiens

• Two evolutionary models on how modern humans
  evolved where did our diversity come from?

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The Replacement Model

• Also called the Out of Africa model.
• Modern humans replaced H. erectus and
  Neanderthals coming out of Africa.
• Has modern H. sapiens evolving in Africa between
  200 and 100 kya.
• Klasies River Mouth, Broken Hill, Qafzeh, Skuhl.

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Movement of Modern Humans (Replacement model).
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The Multiregional Model

• Also called the regional continuity model.
• Argues that H. sapiens evolved out of H. erectus,
  Neanderthals, H. heidelbergensis several times
  in different areas.
• Interbreeding and gene flow across long distances
  kept H. sapiens from different parts of the world
  the same species.

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Homo ergaster, East Africa pre 250K
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Saint Cesaire (France, Neanderthal). 36K
Shanidar Cave (Iraq, Neanderthal). 60 - 70K
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Skuhl V Specimen (Israel modern H. sapiens?) 100
to 80K
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Qafzeh IX specimen (Israel modern H. sapiens.) 90K
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Tabun specimen (Israel premodern/ modern H.
sapiens.) approx. 35K
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Homo sapiens sapiens France, Cro Magnon 30K
Homo sapiens sapiens Border Cave 48K
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The Genetic Evidence

• Mitochondrial DNA
• Multiregional places Out of Africa at 1.8 mya
  w/ H. erectus.
• Replacement places Out of Africa at 200 100
  kya w/ modern H. sapiens.
• Which is correct based on genetic diversity?

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Genetics Review

• Genes sequences of DNA that convey information
  on biology of organisms via copying.
• DNA strands of nucleic-acid combinations found
  in cells.
• So, how similar are the sequences of modern
  humans?
• Did our diversity evolve recently or farther back
  in time?

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Genetic Evidence, contd

• Studies of mtDNA in bone indicate a mutation rate
  that suggests
• Modern human diversity has been around no more
  than 290,000 years.
• All modern humans shared a common modern ancestor
  some 290 kya.
• Differences between modern populations is less
  than diversity within,
• suggests rapid regional evolution.

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Genetic Evidence, contd.

• All modern groups share a subset of modern
  African DNA.
• Neanderthals were genetically different than
  modern humans were similar to each other.
• This all supports the Replacement Model.