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Mechanical Behavior of Materials

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Title: Mechanical Behavior of Materials


1
Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Marc A. Meyers Krishan K. Chawla Cambridge
University Press
2
Chapter 1Materials, Structure, Properties, and
Performance
3
Thomass Iterative Tetrahedron
4
Properties of Main Classes of Materials
5
Biomaterials Dental Implants in the Jawbone
Steps required for insertion of implant into
mandible. (Courtesy of J. Mahooti.)
6
Biomaterials Typical Hip and Knee Prostheses
Total hip replacement prosthesis
Total knee replacement prosthesis.
7
Composites Schematic representations of
different classes
8
Composites Different Types of Reinforcement
9
Specific Modulus and Strength of Some Materials
10
Hierarchical Structure Biological and Synthetic
Materials
Tendon
Advanced Synthetic Composite
11
Crystal Structures 7 Crystal Systems, 14
Bravais lattices
12
Directions in Cubic Unit Cell
13
Miller Indices for Planes in Cubic Cell
14
Direction and Planes Miller Indices
15
Hexagonal Structure
Three to four index conversion
16
Three Most Common Crystal Structures
17
(001) Plane in Molybdenum
Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy Courtesy R. Gronsky
18
FCC and HCP Structures Stacking of Closest
Packed Planes
  • Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding
    to (111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP.
  • (b) Packing sequence of most densely packed
    planes in AB and AC sequence.
  • (c) Ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the
    HCP structure.
  • (d) Ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the
    FCC structure.

19
Different Structures of Ceramics
20
Ordered Structure Intermetallic Compound
21
Important Intermetallic Compounds
22
Structure of Glasses
Ordered crystalline of silica
Random-network of glassy
silica
23
Structure of Glasses
(c)
Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy
metals
24
Glasses and Crystals Specific Volume
25
Classification of Polymers
  • Homopolymer one type of repeating unit.
  • (b) Random copolymer two monomers, A and B,
    distributed randomly.
  • (c) Block copolymer a sequence of monomer A,
    followed by a sequence of monomer B.
  • (d) Graft copolymer Monomer A forms the main
    chain, while monomer B forms the branched chains.

Different types of molecular chain configurations.
26
Tacticity in Polypropylene
Tacticity Order of placement of side groups.
27
Crystallinity of Polymers
A lamellar crystal showing growth spirals
around screw dislocations. TEM. (Courtesy of
H.D. Keith.)
Spherulitic structures a.Spherulitic structure
b. Each spherulite consists of radially
arranged, narrow crystalline lamellae. c. Each
lamella has tightly packed polymer chains folding
back and forth
28
Polymer Chain Configuration
29
Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers
30
Liquid Crystals
Different types of order in the liquid
crystalline state
31
Stress-Strain Curves for Biological Materials
Human femur bone (After F. G. Evans,
Artificial Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.)
Urether (After F.
C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 221
(1971), 1484.)
32
Crack Propagation in an Abalone Shell
Cross section of abalone shell showing how a
crack, starting at left, is deflected by
viscoplastic layer between calcium carbonate
lamellae (mesoscale).
Arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre,
forming a miniaturebrick and mortar structure
(microscale).
33
Porous and Cellular Materials
  • Compressive stressstrain curves for foams.
  • Polyethylene with different initial densities.
  • Mullite with relative density 0.08.
  • Schematic of a sandwich structure.
  • L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids
    Structure and Properties (Oxford, U.K. Pergamon
    Press, 1988), pp. 124, 125.)

34
Biological Material Toucan Beak
  • Toucan beak
  • External shell made of keratin scales

35
Foams Synthetic and Natural
Synthetic aluminum foam Foam found in
the inside of toucan beak Courtesy of M. S.
Schneider and K. S. Vecchio.
36
Biological Minerals Atomic Structure
Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite small white
atoms (P), large gray atoms (O), black atoms
(Ca). Atomic structure of aragonite
large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C),
large white atoms (O). Courtesy K. S. Vecchio
37
(No Transcript)
38
Amino Acids
Missing eqn
39
Polypeptide Chains Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet
Structures
40
Collagen
Triple helix
structure of collagen Adapted from Y. C. Fung,
Biomechanics Mechanical Properties of Living
Tissues (Berlin Springer, 1993).
41
Collagen Hierarchical Structure
Hierarchical organization of collagen, starting
with triple helix, and going to fibrils.
(From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell
Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman
Company, 1999).)
42
Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber
Stressstrain curve of collagen with three
characteristic stages.
Idealized configuration of a wavy collagen fiber.
43
MusclesActin
Molecular structure of actin.
44
Muscles Myosin
45
Muscles Movement of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Action of cross-bridges when actin filament is
moved to left with respect to myosin filament
notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then
reattach themselves to actin.
46
Muscle Structure Sarcomere Units
47
Muscle Structure Myofibril
48
Muscle Hierarchical Structure from Fibrils to
Fibers
49
Biological Material Sponge Spicule
SEM of fractured sponge spicule showing
two-dimensional onion-skin structure of
concentric layers. (Courtesy of G. Mayer and M.
Sarikaya.)
Stress-deflection responses of synthetic silica
rod and sponge spicule in flexuretesting.
(Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.)
50
Active (Smart) MaterialsFerroelectricity
  • Effect of applied field E on dimension of
    ferroelectric material.
  • (b) Linear relationship between strain and
    electric field.

51
Electronic Materials
Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS). (Adapted from W. D. Nix,
Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.)
52
Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes
  • Three configurations for single wall carbon
    nanotubes
  • arm chair
  • zig-zag
  • chiral.
  • (Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus
    and R. Saito, Carbon, 33 (1995) 883.)

53
Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes
Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a
forest. (From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and
W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.)
54
Strength of Copper Whisker
55
Strength of Whiskers
56
Tensile Strength of Whiskers at R. T.
57
Turbine Blade Subjected to Centripetal Forces
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