Title: Mechanical Behavior of Materials
1Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Marc A. Meyers Krishan K. Chawla Cambridge
University Press
2Chapter 1Materials, Structure, Properties, and
Performance
3Thomass Iterative Tetrahedron
4 Properties of Main Classes of Materials
5Biomaterials Dental Implants in the Jawbone
Steps required for insertion of implant into
mandible. (Courtesy of J. Mahooti.)
6Biomaterials Typical Hip and Knee Prostheses
Total hip replacement prosthesis
Total knee replacement prosthesis.
7Composites Schematic representations of
different classes
8Composites Different Types of Reinforcement
9Specific Modulus and Strength of Some Materials
10Hierarchical Structure Biological and Synthetic
Materials
Tendon
Advanced Synthetic Composite
11Crystal Structures 7 Crystal Systems, 14
Bravais lattices
12Directions in Cubic Unit Cell
13 Miller Indices for Planes in Cubic Cell
14Direction and Planes Miller Indices
15Hexagonal Structure
Three to four index conversion
16Three Most Common Crystal Structures
17 (001) Plane in Molybdenum
Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy Courtesy R. Gronsky
18FCC and HCP Structures Stacking of Closest
Packed Planes
- Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding
to (111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP. - (b) Packing sequence of most densely packed
planes in AB and AC sequence. - (c) Ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the
HCP structure. - (d) Ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the
FCC structure. -
19Different Structures of Ceramics
20Ordered Structure Intermetallic Compound
21Important Intermetallic Compounds
22Structure of Glasses
Ordered crystalline of silica
Random-network of glassy
silica
23Structure of Glasses
(c)
Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy
metals
24Glasses and Crystals Specific Volume
25Classification of Polymers
- Homopolymer one type of repeating unit.
- (b) Random copolymer two monomers, A and B,
distributed randomly. - (c) Block copolymer a sequence of monomer A,
followed by a sequence of monomer B. - (d) Graft copolymer Monomer A forms the main
chain, while monomer B forms the branched chains.
Different types of molecular chain configurations.
26Tacticity in Polypropylene
Tacticity Order of placement of side groups.
27Crystallinity of Polymers
A lamellar crystal showing growth spirals
around screw dislocations. TEM. (Courtesy of
H.D. Keith.)
Spherulitic structures a.Spherulitic structure
b. Each spherulite consists of radially
arranged, narrow crystalline lamellae. c. Each
lamella has tightly packed polymer chains folding
back and forth
28Polymer Chain Configuration
29Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers
30Liquid Crystals
Different types of order in the liquid
crystalline state
31Stress-Strain Curves for Biological Materials
Human femur bone (After F. G. Evans,
Artificial Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.)
Urether (After F.
C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 221
(1971), 1484.)
32Crack Propagation in an Abalone Shell
Cross section of abalone shell showing how a
crack, starting at left, is deflected by
viscoplastic layer between calcium carbonate
lamellae (mesoscale).
Arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre,
forming a miniaturebrick and mortar structure
(microscale).
33Porous and Cellular Materials
- Compressive stressstrain curves for foams.
-
- Polyethylene with different initial densities.
- Mullite with relative density 0.08.
- Schematic of a sandwich structure.
- L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids
Structure and Properties (Oxford, U.K. Pergamon
Press, 1988), pp. 124, 125.)
34Biological Material Toucan Beak
- Toucan beak
- External shell made of keratin scales
35Foams Synthetic and Natural
Synthetic aluminum foam Foam found in
the inside of toucan beak Courtesy of M. S.
Schneider and K. S. Vecchio.
36Biological Minerals Atomic Structure
Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite small white
atoms (P), large gray atoms (O), black atoms
(Ca). Atomic structure of aragonite
large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C),
large white atoms (O). Courtesy K. S. Vecchio
37(No Transcript)
38Amino Acids
Missing eqn
39 Polypeptide Chains Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet
Structures
40Collagen
Triple helix
structure of collagen Adapted from Y. C. Fung,
Biomechanics Mechanical Properties of Living
Tissues (Berlin Springer, 1993).
41Collagen Hierarchical Structure
Hierarchical organization of collagen, starting
with triple helix, and going to fibrils.
(From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell
Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman
Company, 1999).)
42Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber
Stressstrain curve of collagen with three
characteristic stages.
Idealized configuration of a wavy collagen fiber.
43MusclesActin
Molecular structure of actin.
44Muscles Myosin
45Muscles Movement of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Action of cross-bridges when actin filament is
moved to left with respect to myosin filament
notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then
reattach themselves to actin.
46Muscle Structure Sarcomere Units
47Muscle Structure Myofibril
48Muscle Hierarchical Structure from Fibrils to
Fibers
49Biological Material Sponge Spicule
SEM of fractured sponge spicule showing
two-dimensional onion-skin structure of
concentric layers. (Courtesy of G. Mayer and M.
Sarikaya.)
Stress-deflection responses of synthetic silica
rod and sponge spicule in flexuretesting.
(Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.)
50 Active (Smart) MaterialsFerroelectricity
- Effect of applied field E on dimension of
ferroelectric material. - (b) Linear relationship between strain and
electric field.
51Electronic Materials
Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS). (Adapted from W. D. Nix,
Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.)
52Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes
- Three configurations for single wall carbon
nanotubes - arm chair
- zig-zag
- chiral.
- (Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus
and R. Saito, Carbon, 33 (1995) 883.)
53Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes
Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a
forest. (From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and
W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.)
54Strength of Copper Whisker
55Strength of Whiskers
56Tensile Strength of Whiskers at R. T.
57Turbine Blade Subjected to Centripetal Forces