Human Geography

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Chapter 3

• Human Geography
• Political and Economic Systems

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• Section 1Population
• Thomas Malthus (farmer who was losing at the
  market)
• a. population increasing faster than food
  production
• b. now search for fuel, clean air and water
• Reasons for population increases
• 1. Industrial Revolution
• 2. Green Revolution
• a. Dr. Norman Borlanghybrid seed, triples
  crop yield.
• 3. Advanced Medical Technology
• 4. Traditional Role of Women
• 5. Care for elderly
• 6. Cultural and religious opposition to birth
  control

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• Reasons for population decreases
• 1. war
• 2. disease
• 3. famine
• Inability of humans to deal with the first three.
• Areas of dense population (distribution)
• 1. East Asia
• 2. South Asia (India)
• 3. Europecontrolling
• 4. East Central North AmericaMegalopolis.
• 5. 2/3 in Northern Hemisphere in middle
  latitudes
• Population densityaverage number people in an
  area.

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• Reasons for population density
• 1. access to freshwater
• 2. choice agricultural sites
• 3. choice climates
• Problems associated with population growth
• 1. Health related
• a. starvation
• b. undernutrition
• c. malnutrition
• 2. Encroachment
• 3. Environmental
• a. deforestation
• b. desertification
• c. acid rain
• d. waste disposal (?)

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• Studying population
• 1. Demographystatistical study of populations
  and how populations change through births,
  deaths, and migration. Emphasis placed on the
  locational aspects.
• 2. Birth ratenumber of births per 1000 people
• 3. Death ratenumber of deaths per 1000 people
• 4. Migrationmoving from one place to another
• a. emigrantspeople who leave
• b. immigrantspeople coming to a new
  country
• c. push and pull factorspush factor causes
  one to leave (bad economy, etc.) and pull factor
  attracts people (economic opportunity).

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• 5. Natural increasepercentage by which a
  population grows in a year. Excludes migration.
• 1.4x6 billion77 million per year. By 2100
  we could have 24 billion.
• 1.060 million and 15 billion by 2100.
• 6. Doubling timehow many years it takes the
  population to double.
• Current doubling time is 51 years with 1.4 NIR.
• 1.0 NIR70 yr. doubling time.
• Population base is so large

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• 7. Total fertility rateaverage number of
  children a woman will have.
• 2.4 is the replacement rate
• 8. Arable Densitypopulation per each unit of
  farmable land.
• Technology can offset lack of arable land
• Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 1 Low Growth
• 1. Most of Earths history
• 2. High birth rates and death rates, natural
  increase was 0.
• 3. Agricultural Revolution 8,000 B.C. but food
  supplies still
• unpredictable.

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• Stage 2 High Growth
• 1. Death rate falls, Birth rate remains high.
  Population grew by 10 times.
• 2. Industrial Revolution
• Medical Revolution Africa, Asia, Latin America
  entered stage 2 in the second half of the 20th
  century.
• Stage 3 Moderate Growth
• 1. Birth rate begins to drop, death rate drops,
  but more slowly.
• 2. Gap between the two narrows, so the natural
  increase drops.
• 3. People choose to have fewer children
  economics, lower IMR
• Stage 4 Low Growth
• 1. Natural Increase is almost zero zero
  population growth.
• 2. Fertility rate must be 2.1 or lower.
• 3. Europe. TFR is 1.6
• 4. Women working, birth control

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• What will happen to Chinas population in 2050?

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• What does this indicate about Indias population?

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• What will happen to Indias population by 2050?

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• What will happen to Austrias population by 2025?

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• According to the next two slides
• What is going on with the population currently?
• What will happen in 2025?

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• What conclusions can be made about Niger?

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Answers

• Culture
• Culture
• Examples Language, religion, clothing.
• Repeated
• Examples utensils
• Place to place
• Repeated

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Answers

• Ethnic groups, countries
• Through time
• New ideas
• When an innovation spreads
• Spreading of jazz
• Relocation people move and take culture with
  them.
• Hierarchical big place to small.

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Answers

• Cultures change when cultures meet.
• Communications
• Globalization
• Different cultures blending together.
• Opposite of globalization
• Strict following of traditional beliefs and
  practices
• Cultural divergence.

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• Section 3Language and Religion
• Language
• Importance of
• 1. Identity
• 2. Diffusion
• 3. Spatial importance (where and why)
• a. where they are used, and how they got
  there.
• b. why theyre distributed the way they
  are.
• c. migration many languages are where they
  are because of
• migration.
• 3,000 to 6,500 languages spoken worldwide.
• Language family collection of languages with a
  common ancestor.
• Indo-European is the largest language family.
  Roughly one dozen world-wide.
• Language branch found within a language family.
  Four branches of Indo-European Romance,
  Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian.

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• Language Group found within a branch, recent
  ancestor, few differences in grammar and
  vocabulary. English is part of the Germanic
  branch, along with German and Dutch.
• Dialectregional variety. Southeast, New
  England, Midwest.
• Mandarin Chinese is the most widely spoken.
• English is most widespread (in more countries),
  but fewer people speak it.
• Religion
• Importance of
• 1. Answers why
• 2. Means something to people, produces many
  culture traits. Give people values and beliefs.

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• 3. Influences cultural landscape church
  architecture, cemeteries, etc.
• 4. Source of conflict since its important to
  people.
• 5. Spatial where they originated and why they
  diffused.
• Universalizing Religionseeks worldwide
  followers.
• 1. branchlarge and fundamental division within
  a religion.
• 2. denominationdivision within a branch.
• 3. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
• Christianity
• 1. 2 billion members
• 2. Three branches Roman Catholic, Eastern
  Orthodox, Protestant.

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• Islam
• 1. 1.2 billion
• 2. ½ outside of the Middle East India,
  Pakistan, Bangladesh,
• Indonesialargest Muslim population.
• 3. Muslimone who follows Islam.
• Islamsubmission to the will of God.
• 5. Origins
• a. through Hagar and Ishmael.

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• ChristiansSarah and Isaac.
• Share Abraham.
• b. Mohammed
• -descendent of Ishmael,
• -revelations from God through the angel
  Gabriel in Mecca.
• c. Believe in many of the same Biblical
  characters as Christians.
• Jesus is a prophet rather than the son of God.
• 6. Five Pillars of Faith
• a. profession of faith
• b. almsgivingcharity

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• c. fast during Ramadan
• d. pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Two branches Sunni (Abu) and Shia (Ali, a
  son-in-law).
• 8. Disagreed over successor to Mohammed.
• 9. Sunnis compromise 83

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• Buddhism
• 1. 350 million. China/Southeast Asia.
• 2. Origins/Four Trips. Siddhartha Gautama
• a. decrepit old man on the first trip
• b. disease ridden man on the second
• c. corpse on the third

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• d. met a monk who taught him withdrawal.
• e. lived and meditated in the forest for six
  years.
• f. Emerged as the Buddha or enlightened one.
  
• 3. Four Noble Truths
• a. all living beings must endure suffering
• b. suffering indicates a desire to live,
  and leads to reincarnation.
• c. escape suffering to nirvana.
• d. nirvana attained through Eightfold Path
  belief, resolve, effort.
• 4. Three branches Mahayana, Theravada,
  Tantrayana.
• Ethnic religions do not seek worldwide followers
  and appeal to people in one area. Hinduism,
  Confucianism, Shintoism, Judaism, Daoism.
• Animistnon-living objects are animated.
  Thunderstorms.

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• "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher,
  the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our
  dinner, but from their regard to their own
  interest."
• -Adam Smith

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• Capitalism and Communism
• Capitalism
• 1. developed by Adam Smith
• 2. people motivated by self-interest, money,
  profit
• personal, private wealth depends on ones
  work.
• 3. production controlled by the free market (you
  and me)demand.

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• Communism
• 1. developed by Karl Marxabuses in 19th century
• 2. people should work for the common good
  instead of self-interest or money.
• 3. Bourgeois (rich) prey on workers
• dictatorship of the proletariat (workers)
• no property rightscreates rich people
• 4. government controls means of production and
  what is produced
• government also controls where one works and
  lives.
• 5. corruption, no incentive, no quality.
• 6. Totalitarian governments