Anatomy and Physiology

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• Anatomy and Physiology
• BLOOD COMPOSITION
• Notes
• By
• Dr. Jay Shahed

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Blood Formation

• Red Bone Marrow
• Myeloblast (Myeloid tissue)
• Forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and
  Monocytes, which are formed by lymphatic tissue
  in the Lymph Nodes, Thymus,and Spleen

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Formed elements

• Fluid ( plasma )
• Definition-
• Blood minus its cells
• Composition
• Nutrients
• Minerals
• Hormones
• water

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Blood Characteristics

• Varies with size and sex
• Average 4 to 6L
• Constitute about 7 to 9 of body weight
• Slightly Alkaline

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Plasma Analyzes

• To determine the concentration of food
  molecules, enzymes, and other clinically
  important substances

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Blood cells

• Erythrocytes
• ( RBCs)
• Leukocytes
• ( WBCs)
• Thrombocytes
• ( Platelets)

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RBCs

• Mature cells
• Erythrocytes
• Immature cells
• Reticulocytes.
• Volume
• 4.5 to 5 million per mm3 of blood
• Structure-
• disk shaped, without nuclei
• Functions -
• transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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RBC Tests

• Microhematocrit-
• Test in which a centrifuge is used to separate
  whole blood into formed elements and liquid
  fraction.

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• Hemocytometer-
• RBC count
• A counter is used to calculate the actual number
  of RBC's.

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• Hemoglobinometer
• An optical devices that measures the Hemoglobin
  concentration in blood
• Normal Ranges
• Female
• 12-14g/100ml
• Male
• 14-16g/100ml

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• Electrophoresis
• A method to separate the abnormal types of
  Hemoglobin for further study.

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• Carbon dioxide is not transported in the blood in
  the form of
• A. Carbonic acid
• B. Bicarbonate ions
• C. Hbco2
• E. Dissolved CO2

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WBCs

• Granular leukocytes -
• Neutrophils, Eosinophils , Basophils
• Non-granular leukocytes-
• Lymphocytes,Monocytes
• Normal count -
• 5000 to 10,000 per mm3 of blood

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• Function-Defense
• Neutrophils
• Carry out Phagocytosis
• Eosinophils
• Protect against irritants that cause allergies
• Basophils
• Produce Herapin, which inhibits clotting

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• Lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• Produce antibodies
• T-lymphocytes
• Directly attack foreign cells
• Monocytes
• Carry out Phagocytosis

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Platelets

• Volume
• 100,000 - 300,000 per mm3 of blood
• function
• blood clotting
• Blot clot formation
• Release of platelet factors at the injury site
• Formation of thrombin
• Trapping of red blood cells in fibrin to form a
  clot

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Blood Clotting Mechanism

• 3 Major steps
• Release of clotting factors from both injured
  tissue cells and sticky platelets sat the injury
  site.
• Prothrombin changes into Thrombin
• Fibrinogen converts into Fibrin to form a scab.

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Red blood cell disorders

• Anemia-
• Inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to
  tissues
• characterized by
• Abnormal RBC numbers
• Abnormal Hemoglobin

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Types

• Aplastic Anemia
• Low RBC number due to bone marrow destruction
• Pernicious anemia
• Low RBC number due to lack of available
  vitaminB12
• Folate-Deficiency Anemia
• Low RBC number due to lack of folic acid (vitamin
  B6 )

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• Iron deficiency anemia
• Low hemoglobin due to lack of iron
• Hemolytic anemia
• Abnormal hemoglobin that causes deformation
  and fragility of red blood cells
• Sickle cell anemia
• Inherited disorder in which abnormal
  hemoglobin causes characteristic RBC

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Other Deformities

• Thalassemia -
• Inherited disorder in which a small amount of
  abnormal hemogloin is produced.

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• White blood cell disorders
• Leukopenia-
• Abnormally low WBC count
• Leukocytosis
• Abnormally high WBC count
• Leukemia
• Cancer elevated WBC count cells dont function
  properly

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Clotting Disorders

• Thrombosis-
• Formation of an inappropriate stationary clot
  (thrombus)
• Embolism-
• Dislodged blood clot (embolus)
• Hemophilia-
• X-linked inheritance of inability to form
  essential clotting factors
• Thrombocytopenia-
• Abnormally small number of platelets

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BLOOD TYPES

• ABO system
• Type A blood -
• Type A antigens in RBCs anti-B in plasma
• Type B blood-
• Type B antigens in RBCsanti-A in plasma
• Type AB blood-
• Type A and type B antigens no anti-A or anti-B
  antibodies in plasma
• Type O blood-
• No type A or type B antigens both anti-A and
  anti-B antibodies in plasma

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Rh system

• Rh-Positive blood-
• Rh factor antigen present in RBCs
• Rh-Negative blood-
• no Rh factor present in RBCs

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Blood type disorders

• Erythroblastosis fetalis-
• Caused by the mother's Rh antibodies reacting
  with the Fetus's Rh-positive RBCs
• Mother Rh -
• Father Rh
• Fetus Rh