Title: APES Unit 2 Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
1APES Unit 2Abiotic and Biotic Parts of Ecosystems
2 Matter and Energy Resources Types and Concepts
- Matter Forms, Structure, and Quality
- Energy Forms and Quality
- Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law of
Conservation of Matter - Nuclear Changes
- The Two Ironclad Laws of Energy
- Connections Matter and Energy Laws and
Environmental Problems
3MatterForms, Structure, and Quality
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space. - Matter is found in two chemical forms elements
and compounds. - Various elements, compounds, or both can be found
together in mixtures.
4Solid, Liquid, and Gas
5Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
- Atoms The smallest unit of matter that is unique
to a particular element. - Ions Electrically charged atoms or combinations
of atoms. - Molecules Combinations of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements held together by
chemical bonds.
6What are Atoms?
- The main building blocks of an atom are
positively charged PROTONS, uncharged NEUTRONS,
and negatively charged ELECTRONS - Each atom has an extremely small center, or
nucleus, containing protons and neutrons.
7http//mediaserv.sus.mcgill.ca/content/2004-Winter
/180-Winter/Nuclear/frame0008.htm
8Atomic Number and Mass Number.
- Atomic number
- The number of protons in the nucleus of each of
its atoms. - Mass number
- The total number of protons and neutrons in its
nucleus.
9- Elements are organized through the periodic table
by classifications of metals, metalloids, and
nonmetals
10Inorganic Compounds
- All compounds not Organic
- Ionic Compounds
- sodium chloride (NaCl)
- sodium bicarbonate (NaOH)
- Covalent compounds
- hydrogen(H2)
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
- sulfur dioxide (SO2)
- Ammonia (NH3)
11Inorganic Compounds
- The earths crust is composed of mostly inorganic
minerals and rock - The crust is the source of all most nonrenewable
resource we use fossil fuels, metallic minerals,
etc.
Various combinations of only eight elements make
up the bulk of most minerals.
12Nonmetallic Elements.
- Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S),
Hydrogen (H), and Phosphorous (P). - Nonmetallic elements make up about 99 of the
atoms of all living things.
13Ionic Compounds
- Structure
- Composed of oppositely-charged ions
- Network of ions held together by attraction
- Ionic bonds
- Forces of attraction between opposite charges
14Formation of Ionic Compounds
- Transfer of electrons between the atoms of these
elements - Atom that is metal loses electrons (oxidation) to
become positive - Atom that is nonmetal gains electrons (reduction)
to become negative - Results in drastic changes to the elements
involved
15http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
redox.gif
16Sodium Chloride
- Sodium is a rather "soft" metal solid, with a
silver-grey color - Chlorine is greenish colored gas
- When a single electron is transferred between
these elements, their atoms are transformed via a
violent reaction into a totally different
substance called, sodium chloride, commonly
called table salt -- a white, crystalline, and
brittle solid
17Covalent Bonds
- Formed by two non-metals
- Similar electronegativities
- Neither atom is "strong" enough to steal
electrons from the other - Therefore, the atoms must share the electrons
18Covalent Bonds
- Chlorine atoms with valence electrons shown
- Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons, but
wants eight - When unpaired electron is shared, both atoms now
have a full valence of eight electrons - Individual atoms are independent, but once the
bond is formed, energy is released, and the new
chlorine molecule (Cl2) behaves as a single
particle
19Organic Compounds
- Compounds containing carbon atoms combined with
each other with atoms of one or more other
elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, etc. - Hydrocarbons
- Compounds of carbon and hydrogen
- Chlorofluorocarbons
- Carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms
- Simple carbohydrates
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen combinations
20Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons
21Biological Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (Glucose) Protein (Cytochrome
P450)
22Biological Organic Compounds
Lipid (Triglyceride) Nucleic
Acid (DNA)
23Earths Crust
24Matter Quality
- Matter quality is a measure of how useful a
matter resource is, based in its availability and
concentration. - High quality matter is organized, concentrated,
and usually found near the earths crust. - Low quality is disorganized, dilute, and has
little potential for use as a matter resource.
25High quality Low quality
LOW QUALITY
HIGH QUALITY
26Energy
- Energy is the capacity to do work and transfer
heat. - Energy comes in many forms light, heat, and
electricity. - Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has
because of its mass and its speed or velocity.
27Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The range of electromagnetic waves, which differ
in wavelength (distance between successive peaks
or troughs) and energy content.
28Kinetic energy.
- Kinetic energy is the energy that matter has
because of its mass and its speed or velocity. - It is energy in action or motion.
- Wind, flowing streams, falling rocks,
electricity, moving car - all have kinetic energy.
29Potential energy
- Potential energy is stored energy that is
potential available for use. - Potential energy can be charged to kinetic
energy.
30Energy Quality
- Very High Electricity, Nuclear fission, and
Concentrated sunlight. - High Hydrogen gas, Natural gas, and Coal.
- Moderate Normal sunlight, and wood.
- Low Low- temperature heat and dispersed
geothermal energy.
31Natural Radioactive Decay
- A nuclear change in which unstable isotopes
spontaneously emit fast moving particles, high
energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate - The unstable isotopes are also known as
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
32Natural Radioactive Decay
- The decay continues until the original isotope
becomes a stable, nonradioactive isotope - Until then, the radiation emitted is damaging
ionizing radiation - Gamma rays
- Alpha particles
- Beta particles
- After ten half-lifes, the material is said to be
clean
33Alpha, Beta, Gamma rays
34Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear change in which nuclei of certain
isotopes with large mass numbers are spilt apart
into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons - Each fission releases two or three more neutrons
and energy
35 Click to see QuickTime Movie of Fission
http//www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie4.shtml
36Nuclear Fission
- Critical Mass
- Enough fissionable nuclei available for multiple
fission reactions to occur
- Chain Reaction
- Multiple fissions within a critical mass
- Releases huge amounts of energy
- Atomic Bomb or Nuclear Power Plant
37The Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
- In any nuclear change, the total amount of matter
and energy involved remains the same. - E mc2
- The energy created by the release of the strong
nuclear forces for 1 kilogram of matter will
produce enough energy to elevated the temperature
of all the water used in the Los Angeles basin in
one day by 10,000oC
38What is Nuclear Fusion?
- Nuclear Fusion is a nuclear change in which two
isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are
forced together at extremely high temperatures
until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus,
releasing energy in the process.
39First Law of Thermodynamics
- In all physical and chemical changes
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed
- But it may be converted from one form to another
40Second Law of Thermodynamics
- When energy is changed from one form to another
- Some of the useful energy is always degraded to
lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy - Also known as Law of Entropy
41High Waste Societies
- People continue to use and waste more and more
energy and matter resources at an increasing rate - At some point, high-waste societies will become
- UNSUSTAINABLE!
42Goals of Matter Recycling Societies
- To allow economic growth to continue without
depleting matter resources or producing excess
pollution
43Matter Recycling Societies
- Advantages
- Saves Energy
- Buys Time
- Disadvantages
- Requires high-quality energy which cannot be
recycled - Adds waste heat
- No infinite supply of affordable high-quality
energy available - Limit to number of times a material can be
recycled
44Low Waste Societies
- Works with nature to reduce throughput
- Based on energy flow and matter recycling
45Low Waste Societies Function
- Reuse/recycle most nonrenewable matter resources
- Use potentially renewable resources no faster
than they are replenished - Use matter and energy resources efficiently
46Low Waste Societies Function
- Reduce unnecessary consumption
- Emphasize pollution prevention and waste
reduction - Control population growth
47Unit 2, Chapter 7
- Ecology, Ecosystems, and Food Webs
48Chapter 7
- Ecology and Life
- Earths Life-Support Systems
- Ecosystem Concept
- Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- How do Ecologists learn about Ecosystems?
- Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
49Ecology and Life
- Ecology- study of relationships between organisms
and their environment - Ecology examines how organisms interact with
their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as
sunlight, temperature, moisture, and vital
nutrients - Biotic interaction among organisms, populations,
communities, ecosystems, and the ecosphere
50Distinction between Species
- Wild species- one that exists as a population of
individuals in a natural habitat, ideally similar
to the one in which its ancestors evolved - Domesticated species- animals such as cows,
sheep, food crops, animals in zoos
51Vocabulary
- Population
- Group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same
time - Genetic Diversity
- Populations that are dynamic groups that change
in size, age distribution, density, and genetic
composition as a result of changes in
environmental conditions
52- Habitat
- Place where a population or individual organism
naturally lives - Community
- Complex interacting network of plants, animals,
and microorganisms - Ecosystem
- Community of different species interacting with
one another and with their nonliving environment
of matter and energy - Ecosphere or Biosphere
- All earth's ecosystems
53What is Life?
- All life shares a set of basic characteristics
- Made of cells that have highly organized internal
structure and functions - Characteristic types of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) molecules in each cell
54Living Organisms
- Capture and transform matter and energy from
their environment to supply their needs for
survival, growth, and reproduction - Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite
changes in their external environment through
homeostasis, if not overstressed
55Living Organisms
- Perpetuate themselves through reproduction
- Adapt to changes in environmental conditions
through the process of evolution
56www.sws.uiuc.edu/nitro/biggraph.asp
57Geosphere
58Geosphere
59Atmosphere
- Thin envelope of air around the planet
- Troposphere
- extends about 17 kilometers above sea level,
contains nitrogen (78), oxygen(21), and is
where weather occurs - Stratosphere
- 17-48 kilometers above sea level, lower portions
contains enough ozone (O3) to filter out most of
the suns ultraviolet radiation
60Hydrosphere
- Consists of the earths liquid water, ice, and
water vapor in the atmosphere
61What Sustains Life on Earth?
- Life on the earth depends on three interconnected
factors - One-way flow of high-quality energy from the sun
- Cycling of matter or nutrients (all atoms, ions,
or molecules needed for survival by living
organisms), through all parts of the ecosphere - Gravity, which allows the planet to hold onto its
atmosphere and causes the downward movement of
chemicals in the matter cycles
62Sun
- Fireball of hydrogen (72) and helium (28)
- Nuclear fusion
- Sun has existed for 6 billion years
- Sun will stay for another 6.5 billion years
- Visible light that reaches troposphere is the
ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
63Solar Energy
- 72 of solar energy warms the lands
- 0.023 of solar energy is captured by green
plants and bacteria - Powers the cycling of matter and weather system
- Distributes heat and fresh water
64www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/
climch/clichgr1.htm
65Type of Nutrients
- Nutrient
- Any atom, ion, or molecule an organism needs to
live grow or reproduce - Ex carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen etc
- Macronutrient
- nutrient that organisms need in large amount
- Ex phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, iron etc
- Micronutrient
- nutrient that organism need in small amount
- Ex zinc, sodium, copper etc
66Biomes Large regions characterized by distinct
climate, and specific life-forms
- Climate Long-term weather main factor
determining what type of life will be in a
certain area.
67Ecosphere Separation
- The Ecosphere and its ecosystem can be separated
into two parts - Abiotic- nonliving, components
- Ex air, water, solar energy
- Physical and chemical factors that influence
living organisms - Biotic- living, components
- Ex plants and animals
68Range of Tolerance
- Variations in its physical and chemical
environment - Differences in genetic makeup, health, and age.
- Ex trout has to live in colder water than bass
69Limiting Factor
- More important than others in regulating
population growth - Ex water light, and soil
- Lacking water in the desert can limit the growth
of plants
70Limiting Factor Principle
- too much or too little of any abiotic factor can
limit growth of population, even if all the other
factors are at optimum (favorable) range of
tolerance. - Ex If a farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor
soil, even if water, nitrogen are in a optimum
levels, corn will stop growing, after it uses up
available phosphorus.
71Dissolved Oxygen Content
- Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume
of water at a particular temperature and
pressure. - Limiting factor of aquatic ecosystem
72Salinity
- amount of salt dissolved in given volume of water
73Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food
from compound obtained from environment. - Ex plant gets energy or food from sun
74Living Organisms in Ecosystem
- Photosynthesis- ability of producer to convert
sunlight, abiotic nutrients to sugars and other
complex organic compounds - Chlorophyll- traps solar energy and converts into
chemical energy
75(No Transcript)
76- Producer transmit 1-5 of absorbed energy into
chemical energy, which is stored in complex
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
in plant tissue
77Chemosynthesis-
- Bacteria can convert simple compounds from their
environment into more complex nutrient compound
without sunlight - Ex becomes consumed by tubeworms, clams, crabs
- Bacteria can survive in great amount of heat
78Consumers or Heterotrophs
- Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other
organisms or their remains
79Consumers
- Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers
- Feed directly on producers
- Deer, goats, rabbits
http//www.holidays.net/easter/bunny1.htm
80Consumers
- Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers
- Feed only on primary consumer
- Lion, Tiger
81Consumers
- Tertiary (higher-level) consumer
- Feed only on other carnivores
- Wolf
82Consumers
- Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and
animals - Ex pigs, humans, bears
83Consumers
- Scavengers- feed on dead organisms
- Vultures, flies, crows, shark
84Consumers
- Detritivores- live off detritus
- Detritus parts of dead organisms and wastes of
living organisms. - Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly
decomposed organic matter plant debris, and
animal dung.
85Consumers
- Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and
recycle organic materials from organisms wastes
and from dead organisms - Food sources for worms and insects
- Biodegradable - can be broken down by decomposers
86Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back
into carbon dioxide and water - Glucose oxygen ? Carbon dioxide water
energy - Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
- Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
87Food Chain
- Food Chain-Series of organisms in which each eats
or decomposes the preceding one - Decomposers complete the cycle of matter by
breaking down organic waste, dead animal. Plant
litter and garbage. - Whether dead or alive organisms are potential
(standard) sources of food for other organisms.
88Second Law of Energy
- Organisms need high quality chemical energy to
move, grow and reproduce, and this energy is
converted into low-quality heat that flows into
environment - Trophic levels or feeding levels- Producer is a
first trophic level, primary consumer is second
trophic level, secondary consumer is third. - Decomposers process detritus from all trophic
levels.
89- Food Web
- Complex network of interconnected food chains
- Food web and chains
- One-way flow of energy
- Cycling of nutrients through ecosystem
90Food Webs
- Grazing Food Webs
- Energy and nutrients move from plants to
herbivores - Then through an array of carnivores
- Eventually to decomposers
(100,000 Units of Energy)
91Food Webs
- Grazing Food Webs
- Energy and nutrients move from plants to
herbivores - Then through an array of carnivores
- Eventually to decomposers
(1,000 Units of Energy)
92Food Webs
- Grazing Food Webs
- Energy and nutrients move from plants to
herbivores - Then through an array of carnivores
- Eventually to decomposers
(100 Units of Energy)
93Food Webs
- Grazing Food Webs
- Energy and nutrients move from plants to
herbivores - Then through an array of carnivores
- Eventually to decomposers
(10 Units of Energy)
94Food Webs
- Grazing Food Webs
- Energy and nutrients move from plants to
herbivores - Then through an array of carnivores
- Eventually to decomposers
(1 Units of Energy)
95Food Webs
- Detrital Food Webs
- Organic waste material or detritus is the major
food source - Energy flows mainly from producers (plants) to
decomposers and detritivores.
96Pyramid of Energy Flow
- More steps or trophic levels in food chain or
web, greater loss of usable energy as energy
flows through trophic levels - More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more
energy is consumed after each one. Thats why
food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps
97Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Loss of usable energy as energy flows through
trophic levels of food chains and webs - Rarely have more than 4 steps
98Biomass
- Dry weight of all organic matter contained in
organisms. - Biomass is measured in dry weight
- Water is not source of energy or nutrient
- Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of
all producers - Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from
5-20 (10 standard)
99Pyramid of Biomass
- Storage of biomass at various trophic levels of
ecosystem
100Pyramid of Numbers
- Number of organisms at each trophic level
101http//www.nicksnowden.net/Module_3_pages/ecosyste
ms_energy_flows.htm
102Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
- Rate in which producers convert solar energy into
chemical energy (biomass) in a given amount of
time
103Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
- Rate in which energy for use by consumers is
stored in new biomass of plants - Measured in kilocalories per square meter per
year or grams in biomass - NPP is the limit determining the planets
carrying capacity for all species. - 59 of NPP occurs in land / 41 occurs in ocean
104Ecological Efficiency
- Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic
level to another. - 10 ecological efficiency
- 1,000,000 units of energy from sun
- 10,000 units available for green plants
(photosynthesis) - 1000 units for herbivores
- 100 units for primary carnivores
- 10 units for secondary carnivores
105Studying Ecosystems
- FIELD RESEARCH
- Going into nature and observing/measuring the
structure of ecosystems - Majority of what we know now comes from this type
- Disadvantage is that it is expensive,
time-consuming, and difficult to carry out
experiments due to many variables - LABORATORY RESEARCH
- Set up, observation, and measurement of model
ecosystems under laboratory conditions - Conditions can easily be controlled and are quick
and cheap - Disadvantage is that it is never certain whether
or not result in a laboratory will be the same as
a result in a complex, natural ecosystem - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
- Simulation of ecosystem rather than study real
ecosystem - Helps understand large and very complicated
systems
106Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem services are the natural services or
earth capital that support life on the earth - Essential to the quality of human life and to the
functioning of the worlds economies
107Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem services include
- Controlling and moderating climate
- Providing and renewing air, water, soil
- Recycling vital nutrients through chemical
cycling - Providing renewable and nonrenewable energy
sources and nonrenewable minerals - Furnishing people with food, fiber, medicines,
timber, and paper
108Ecosystem Importance
- Ecosystem services include
- Pollinating crops and other plant species
- Absorbing, diluting, and detoxifying many
pollutants and toxic chemicals - Helping control populations of pests and disease
organisms - Slowing erosion and preventing flooding
- Providing biodiversity of genes and species
109Why Is Biodiversity So Important?
- Food, wood, fibers, energy, raw materials,
industrial chemicals, medicines, - Provides for billions of dollars in the global
economy - Provides recycling, purification, and natural
pest control - Represents the millions of years of adaptation,
and is raw material for future adaptations
110Two Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability
- Use renewable solar energy as energy source
- Efficiently recycle nutrients organisms need for
survival, growth, and reproduction
111- Nutrient Cycles and Soils
112Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
- Nutrient or Biogeochemical Cycles
- Natural processes that recycle nutrients in
various chemical forms in a cyclic manner from
the nonliving environment to living organisms and
back again
113Nutrient Cycles (Closed System) Energy Flow (Open
System)
- Water
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
- Rock
- Soil
- Energy Flow
114Biogeochemical Cycle Locations
- Hydrosphere
- Water in the form of ice, liquid, and vapor
- Operates local, regional, and global levels
- Atmospheric
- Large portion of a given element (i.e. Nitrogen
gas) exists in gaseous form in the atmosphere - Operates local, regional, and global levels
- Sedimentary
- The element does not have a gaseous phase or its
gaseous compounds dont make up a significant
portion of its supply - Operates local and regional basis
115Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem Sustainability
- Natural ecosystems tend to balance
- Nutrients are recycled with reasonable efficiency
- Humans are accelerating rates of flow of mater
- Nutrient loss from soils
- Doubling of normal flow of nitrogen in the
nitrogen cycle is a contributes to global
warming, ozone depletion, air pollution, and loss
of biodiversity - Isolated ecosystems are being influenced by human
activities