US History since 1865

1
US History since 1865

• Jim Crow, Indians Chinese Americans

2
Key issues

• What happened in the South after redemption?
• How and why was Jim Crow erected in the South?
• What happened to Native Americans?
• How did they resist American Western expansion?
• What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

3
Henry Grady (1850-1889) the New South

• Southerners fought for a wrong cause blacks
  slaves the South slaves to the system slaves
  emancipated, the South should not be shackled
• nothing to apologize for let Sherman see a new
  city and a new South attempts to diversify the
  economy and the spirit of laissez faire
• agriculture hampered by sharecropping system

4
Quotes from Henry Grady (I)

• The new South is enamored of her new work. Her
  soul is stirred with the breath of a new life.
  The light of a grander day is falling fair on her
  face. She is thrilling, sir, with the
  consciousness of growing power, and prosperity.
  As she stands full-statured and equal among the
  peoples of the earth, breathing the keen air and
  looking out upon an expanding horizon, she
  understands that her emancipation came because in
  the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose
  was crossed and her brave armies were beaten.

5
Quotes from Henry Grady (II)

• The old South rested everything on slavery and
  agriculture, unconscious that these could neither
  give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South
  presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs
  leading into the popular movement--a social
  system compact and closely knitted, less splendid
  on the surface, but stronger at the core--a
  hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes
  for every palace, and a diversified industry that
  meets the complex needs of this complex age.

6
Quotes from Henry Grady (III)

• To liberty and enfranchisement is as far as law
  can carry the negro. The rest must be left to
  conscience and common sense. It should be left to
  those among whom his lot is cast, with whom he is
  indissolubly connected and whose prosperity
  depends upon their possessing his intelligent
  sympathy and confidence. Faith has been kept with
  him in spite of calumnious assertions to the
  contrary, by those who assume to speak for us or
  by frank opponents. Faith will be kept with him
  in the future, if the South holds her reason and
  integrity.

7
Who what was Jim Crow? (I)

• The name Jim Crow is often used to describe the
  segregation laws, rules, and customs which arose
  after Reconstruction ended in 1877 and continued
  until the mid-1960s.
• How did the name become associated with these
  "Black Codes" which took away many of the rights
  which had been granted to Blacks through the
  13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments?

8
Who what was Jim Crow? (II)

• "Come listen all you galls and boys,I'm going to
  sing a little song,My name is Jim Crow.Weel
  about and turn about and do jis so,Eb'ry time I
  weel about I jump Jim Crow."
• These words are from the song, "Jim Crow," as it
  appeared in sheet music written by Thomas
  Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice. Rice, a struggling
  "actor" (he did short solo skits between play
  scenes) at the Park Theater in New York, happened
  upon a Black person singing the above song --
  some accounts say it was an old Black slave who
  walked with difficulty, others say it was a
  ragged Black stable boy. Whether modeled on an
  old man or a young boy we will never know,
  however, it is clear that in 1828 Rice appeared
  on stage as "Jim Crow" -- an exaggerated, highly
  stereotypical Black character.

9
Who what was Jim Crow? (III)

• By 1838, the term "Jim Crow" was being used as a
  collective racial epithet for Blacks, not as
  offensive as nigger, but as offensive as coon or
  darkie. Obviously, the popularity of minstrel
  shows aided the spread of Jim Crow as a racial
  slur. This use of the term did not last past a
  half century. By the end of the 19th Century, the
  words Jim Crow were less likely to be used to
  derisively describe Blacks instead, the phrase
  Jim Crow was being used to describe laws and
  customs which oppressed Blacks.
• The minstrel shows were popular between 1850 and
  1870, but they lost much of their national
  popularity with the coming of motion pictures and
  radios. Unfortunately for Blacks, the minstrel
  shows continued in small towns, and worse,
  caricatured portrayals of Blacks found greater
  expression in motion pictures and radios.

10
Jim Crow South (I)
11
Jim Crow South (II)
12
Jim Crow South (III)
13
Jim Crow a southern religion

• Whites were superior to Blacks in all important
  ways, including but not limited to intelligence,
  morality, and civilized behavior
• sexual relations between Blacks and Whites would
  produce a mongrel race which would destroy
  America

• treating Blacks as equals would encourage
  interracial sexual unions any activity which
  suggested social equality encouraged interracial
  sexual relations
• if necessary, violence must be used to keep
  Blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy.

14
Jim Crow etiquette (I)

• A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake
  hands) with a White male because it implied being
  socially equal. Obviously, a Black male could not
  offer his hand or any other part of his body to a
  White woman, because he risked being accused of
  rape.
• Blacks and Whites were not supposed to eat
  together. If they did eat together, Whites were
  to be served first, and some sort of partition
  was to be placed between them.
• Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer
  to light the cigarette of a White female -- that
  gesture implied intimacy.

15
Jim Crow etiquette (II)

• d. Blacks were not allowed to show public
  affection toward one another in public,
  especially kissing, because it offended Whites.
• e. Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks
  were introduced to Whites, never Whites to
  Blacks. For example "Mr. Peters (the White
  person), this is Charlie (the Black person), that
  I spoke to you about."
• f. Whites did not use courtesy titles of
  respect when referring to Blacks, for example,
  Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, Blacks
  were called by their first names. Blacks had to
  use courtesy titles when referring to Whites, and
  were not allowed to call them by their first
  names.

16
Jim Crow etiquette (III)

• If a Black person rode in a car driven by a White
  person, the Black person sat in the back seat, or
  the back of a truck.
• White motorists had the right-of-way at all
  intersections.

17
Jim Crow etiquette (IV)

• Stetson Kennedy, the author of Jim Crow
  Guide, offered these simple rules that Blacks
  were supposed to observe in conversing with
  Whites
• Never assert or even intimate that a White person
  is lying.
• Never impute dishonorable intentions to a White
  person.
• Never suggest that a White person is from an
  inferior class.
• Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate,
  superior knowledge or intelligence.
• Never curse a White person.
• Never laugh derisively at a White person.
• Never comment upon the appearance of a White
  female.

18
The role of the court

• The Supreme Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act
  of 1775 was unconstitutional and was not
  authorized by the 13th or 14th Amendments. It
  left it to states to decide how to interpret
  these Amendments.

19
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson

• Homer Plessy was jailed for using the "White"
  car of a railroad. He argued before the Supreme
  Court that this segregation violated the 13th and
  14th Amendments.
• The Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities
  did not violate these Amendments, and that
  separate was equal.

20
Other causes of the coming of Jim Crow

• young blacks retrogressive, behaving like animals
• fear of miscegenation
• Populists disillusioned by black votes
• Northern acquiescence
• imperialist adventures White Men's burden
• social Darwinism eugenics
• economic depression scapegoating

21
Disenfranchising African-Americans

• poll tax
• residency requirement
• literacy test
• conviction
• grandfather clause

22
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) and the Atlanta
Compromise (1895)

• i. political rights and social privileges v.
  economic advances
• ii. "Cast down the bucket where you are.  "
• iii. "We have proved our loyalty to you in the
  past, in nursing your children, watching by the
  sick bed of your mothers and fathers, and often
  following them tear-dimmed eyes to their graves,
  so in the future, in our humble way, we shall
  stand by you with a devotion that no foreigners
  can approach, ready to lay down our lives."
• iv. "I do not believe that the Negro should cease
  voting, for a man cannot learn the exercise of
  self-government by ceasing to vote but I do
  believe that in his voting he should more and
  more be influenced by those of intelligence and
  character who are his next-door neighbor."

23
W. E. B. Dubois (1868-1964)

• political power
• civil rights
• higher education
• "It is utterly impossible, under modern
  competitive methods, for workingmen and property
  owners to defend their rights and exist without
  the right of suffrage."
• "Silent submission to civic inferiority is bound
  to sap the manhood of any race in the long run."

24
NAACP

• The National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People was formed in 1910 after riots
  against blacks in Springfield, Illionois killed
  eight African Americans.
• The NAACP was formed to be an organization that
  could come to the aid of African Americans who
  were the victims of violence or discrimination.

25
Indian Removal
i. The Sand Creek Massacre (1864) J. M.
Chivington 450 killed collected 100 scalps ii.
The Battle of the Little Big Horn (1876) Gen.
Custer and 203 American soldiers killed in the
Dakota mountains iii. The Daws Act (1887)
introducing individual land ownership and
agriculture to native Americans breaking up
tribal land and 160 acres to each family and 80
acres to an adult iv. From Indian Reservation to
Oklahoma (1889-1906) 1893, the largest land
rush, 6 million acres carved up by 100,000
newcomers within hours v. The Battle of the
Wounded Knee (1890) 146 killed and buried in a
mass grave vi. why? Indians barbarous
uncivilized lazy brutal not citizens, not
protected by law a good Indian was a dead Indian
26
Sand Creek massacre, 1864

• One infantry battalion...left Fort Lyon
  Colorado on the night of the 28th of November,
  1864 about daybreak on the morning of the 29th
  of November we came in sight of the camp of
  friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians...and
  were ordered by Colonel J.M. Chivington to
  attack the same, which was accordingly
  done....Going over the battle ground the next day
  I did not see a body of man, woman, or child but
  was scalped, and in many instances their bodies
  were mutilated in the most horrible manner--men,
  women, and children's privates cut out etc. I
  heard one man say that he had cut out a woman's
  private parts and had them for exhibition on a
  stick I heard another man say that he had cut
  fingers off an Indian to get the rings on the
  hand....

27
Sitting Bull, 1883

• Whatever you wanted of me I have obeyed. The
  Great Father sent me word that whatever he had
  against me in the past had been forgiven and
  thrown aside, and I have accepted his promises
  and came in. And he told me not to step aside
  from the white man's path, and I am doing my best
  to travel in that path. I sit here and look
  around me now, and I see my people starving. We
  want cattle to butcher. That is the way you live,
  and we want to live the same way.

28
President Chester Arthur defending the Dawes
Plan, 1881

• It was natural, at a time when the national
  territory seemed almost illimitable and contained
  many millions of acres far outside the bounds of
  civilized settlements, that a policy should have
  been initiated which more than aught else has
  been the fruitful source of our Indian
  complications. I refer, of course, to the policy
  of dealing with the various Indian tribes as
  separate nationalities, of relegating them by
  treaty stipulations to the occupancy of immense
  reservations in the West, and of encouraging them
  to live a savage life, undisturbed by any earnest
  and well directed efforts to bring them under the
  influences of civilization.
• The unsatisfactory results which have sprung from
  this policy are becoming apparent to all. As the
  white settlements have crowded the borders of the
  reservations, the Indians, sometimes contentedly
  and sometimes against their will, have been
  transferred to other hunting grounds, from which
  they have again been dislodged whenever their
  new-found homes have been desired by the
  adventurous settlers. These removals and the
  frontier collisions by which they have often been
  preceded have led to frequent and disastrous
  conflicts between the races....
• The government has of late been cautiously but
  steadily feeling its way to the adoption of a
  policy...to introduce among the Indians the
  customs and pursuits of civilized life and
  gradually to absorb them into the mass of our
  citizens, sharing their rights and holden to
  their responsibilities....

29
Dawes Severalty Act of l887

• The President of the United States
  be...authorized...to allot the lands in said
  reservation in severalty to any Indian located
  thereon in quantities as follows To each head
  of a family, one-quarter of a section To each
  single person over eighteen years of age,
  one-eighth of a section To each orphan child
  under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a
  section.... Sec. 6. That upon the completion of
  said allotments and the patenting of the lands to
  said allottees, each and every member of the
  respective band or tribes of Indians...shall...be
  subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of
  the State or Territory in which they may reside.

30
The Exclusion of Chinese Act (1882)
i. when did the Chinese come? ii. Central
Pacific, Sierra Nevada (1865) 11,000 Chinese
coolies iii. They did not drink, strike or take
a bath everyday iv. 1,200 died v. 1867, 3,000
struck 8-hour day and equal pay 2 to 35 a
month vi. 9/1868, broke through SN vii. 1871,
300,000 Chinese 1877, depression labor unrest
(transparency) viii. 1882, Exclusion Act Passed
viv. 1881, 40,000 entered 1883, 23 allowed to
enter
31
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

• Forty-Seventh Congress. Session I. 1882
• Chapter 126.-An act to execute certain treaty
  stipulations relating to Chinese. Preamble.
  Whereas, in the opinion of the Government of the
  United States the coming of Chinese laborers to
  this country endangers the good order of certain
  localities within the territory thereof.
  Therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House
  of Representatives of the United States of
  America in Congress assembled, That from and
  after the expiration of ninety days next after
  the passage of this act, and until the expiration
  of ten years next after the passage of this act,
  the coming of Chinese laborers to the United
  States be, and the same is hereby, suspended and
  during such suspension it shall not be lawful for
  any Chinese laborer to come, or, having so come
  after the expiration of said ninety days, to
  remain within the United States.

32
Chinese exclusion act (I)
Retouching was a photographic technique used at
the time to enhance racial difference. At times
Arnold Genthe drew, etched, or applied dye onto a
negative in order to change how the image would
print. In "Pigtail Parade," published in Old
Chinatown (1908), Genthe drew directly on the
negative to enhance certain details of the
figures.
33
Chinese exclusion act (II)
34
Chinese exclusion act (The Chinese Many Handed
But Soulless, The Wasp, 1885)
35
Chinese exclusion act (Labor leaders response)

• Denis Kearney, Californias Workingmens Party
  (typical)
• Chinese laborers are cheap working slaves who
  lower white workers standard of living and
  should be banished from the U.S.
• Joseph McDonnell, an Irish-born socialist
• Intolerance against the Chinese repeats earlier
  intolerant, silly and shameful cry against the
  Irish. Workers should learn from this history and
  unite
• B.E.G. Jewett, a socialist
• Corporate employers--oppressors,
  money-mongers--are to blame and must go

36
Chinese exclusion act (Cartoon on the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882)

• Only Chinese non-laborers and those who were
  born in the U.S. can enter
• Those who resided in the U.S. prior to 1880 can
  remain if they dont leave the country
• If they leave they can come back if they have at
  least one thousand dollars worth of property or
  debts owned to them
• The status of wife and child followed that of a
  husband
• No Chinese could be naturalized as U.S. citizen