CURRENT ISSUES IN

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CURRENT ISSUES IN HUMAN/ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS
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ANIMALS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
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What is Research?
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Is it this?
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This?
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This?
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This?
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RESEARCH DEFINED Any attempt to find an answer
to a previously unanswered question.
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First recorded use of live animals done
by ERASISTRATUS in Alexandria, about 2,300 ya.
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GALEN (2,200 ya) gt First scientist of note to do
animal research.
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GALEN (2,200 ya) gt First scientist of note to do
animal research. gt Discovered that arteries and
veins carry blood.
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GALEN (2,200 ya) gt First scientist of note to do
animal research. gt Discovered that arteries and
veins carry blood. gt Founder of Experimental
Physiology
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GALEN (2,200 ya) gt First scientist of note to do
animal research. gt Discovered that arteries and
veins carry blood. gt Founder of Experimental
Physiology gt Dissection of cadavers illegal,
used dead apes and pigs.
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After fall of Rome, dissection discouraged,
rarely used until Renaissance. Argued better
to deduce how the body works than examine or
experiment (mind over body.) Society
discouraged discovery and inquiry.
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SOME RESEARCH BEGAN IN 1500 -
1600s Vesalius studied monkeys, pigs,
goats Harvey studied circulation of live
deer Descartes (17th century) began
tradition that animals incapable of feeling pain.
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MAGENDIE French, Early 1800s One of first to
argue medicine should be derived from
an understanding of physiology.
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Experimentation as method of learning was very
controversial gt Treatments at time based on
anecdotes. gt Treatments often caused
tremendous suffering. gt Suffering of others
considered recreation.
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Magendie argued must understand how the body
works before suggesting treatment.
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Magendie argued must understand how the body
works. Example of his Experiments gt How
substances absorbed by body?
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Magendie argued must understand how the body
works. Example of his Experiments gt How
substances absorbed by body? gt Isolated section
of dogs intestine still attached only by
artery vein.
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Magendie argued must understand how the body
works. Example of his Experiments gt How
substances absorbed by body? gt Isolated section
of dogs intestine so attached only by artery
vein. gt Injected poison into intestine,
observed dog reacting to poison.
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Magendie argued must understand how the body
works. Example of his Experiments gt How
substances absorbed by body? gt Isolated section
of dogs intestine so attached only by artery
vein. gt Injected poison into intestine,
observed dog reacted to poison. gt First to
understand that materials are absorbed through
blood vessel walls.
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Public outcry over his cruelty . .
.experiments without number or mercy, prosecuted
with cruelty and indifference. Sir Charles
Bell
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Question is not can they reason but can
they suffer? Bentham 1789
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Debate over animal experimentation occurred
during a new culture of concern about suffering
---
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Debate over animal experimentation occurred
during a new culture of concern about suffering
--- gt First child labor laws
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Debate over animal experimentation occurred
during a new culture of concern about suffering
--- gt First child labor laws gt First social
concern about human suffering of all classes
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Debate over animal experimentation occurred
during a new culture of concern about suffering
--- gt First child labor laws gt First social
concern about human suffering of all
classes gt Shift away from suffering as
entertainment (bear baiting, public
hangings.)
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Issue of animals in research has always been
controversial.
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Historically, have been 1) Concerns about
validity, both from scientists and the public.
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Historically, have been 1) Concerns about
validity, both from scientists and the
public. 2) Concerns about welfare, both
from scientists and the public.
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Concern about welfare and importance
of using animals in Biomedical Research have
increased (compared to the 1950s through
the 1980s).
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DEMOGRAPHICS
Millions of animals in captive research in
England (Rowan 1984)
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WWII
1
1900 1920 1940 1960
1980
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POLIOMYELITIS Polio virus epidemic
in the early 50s.
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POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL
RESEARCH ON ANIMALS gt Polio virus epidemic in
the early 50s. gt 1952 58,000 children
contracted disease.
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POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL
RESEARCH ON ANIMALS gt Polio virus epidemic in
the early 50s. gt 1952 58,000 children
contracted disease. gt Paralyzed and killed
thousands, only treatment months in an iron
lung.
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gt Rhesus monkeys can contract polio. Monkeys
readily available in India.
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gt Rhesus monkeys can contract polio. Monkeys
readily available in India. gt In 1952, 32,000
rhesus imported from India. Tremendous popular
support for research.
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POLIO
1955 ..Safe, effective vaccine..
Jonas Salk
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• In 1955, India banned importation of rhesus.
• Thousands died when shipped over.
• Reports of tremendous suffering (military
• experiments).

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gt Massive protests reversed ban.
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gt Massive protests reversed ban. gt 1958, US
imported 221,000 rhesus.
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gt Massive protests reversed ban. gt 1958, US
imported 221,000 rhesus. gt India banned again in
1978, based on reports of numerous violations.
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gt Massive protests reversed ban. gt 1958, US
imported 221,000 rhesus. gt India banned again in
1978, based on reports of numerous
violations. gt Public extremely supportive in
late 40s, 50s and early 60s.
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gt State laws passed that forced shelters to send
unclaimed animals to laboratories.
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gt State laws passed that forced shelters to send
unclaimed animals to laboratories. gt In
1965-66, public outcry began. Christine Stevens
founded Animal Welfare Institute
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Life Magazine Article Pepper seen in photo of
dogs being unloaded from truck for use in
lab. Public outcry laws reversed in many
states (including WI) that sent dogs to
labs from shelters.
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PURPOSE BRED vs. RANDOM SOURCE?
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PURPOSE BRED RANDOM SOURCE Habituated
to Lab Laboratory foreign Prevents
theft/suffering Encourages theft of pets
Genetics unknown Know genetics Possible
health risks Control health Would stop
surrenders Expensive Much cheaper
Dont represent population More varied genetics
- gt genetics represent normal gt
physiology Going to die anyway gt chronically
stressed
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IN 1940s, 50s, public highly supportive of
biomedical research on animals - little public
opposition Since mid 1960s (and Pepper
case) has been an upswing in public opinion
concerned with animal welfare. Opinion swayed
by historic case..
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• Dr. Edward Taub
• Institute for Behavioral Research
• Silver Springs, Maryland
• Silver Springs Monkey Case
• September 1981

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• Taubs Research
• De-afferented limb study
• Goal Help people with spinal cord
• injuries regain use of their limbs
• Research Sever neural connections from
• spinal cord, force subjects to use limbs and
  look for re-growth of neural tissue.

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16 crab eating macaques 1 rhesus macaque
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• If no neurological feedback,
• monkeys self mutilate.
• How handle wounds?
• If bandage, makes worse.
• If leave open, can become infected

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AL PACHECO ( Future founder of PETA in U.S.)
Volunteered for the summer Taub out of the
country Appalled by conditions Kept silent
about them until raid in September of 1981.
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• Taub charged with cruelty to animals.

(this photo set up by Pacheco)
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• OUTCOME
• Taub charged with 17 counts of
• animal cruelty.
• After 2 trials and 7 years, Taub cleared of
• all charges, lost job and grants, not
• allowed to do live animal research.

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• OUTCOME
• PETA became largest animal rights/welfare
• group in US, budget over 10 million in 90s.
• (ALF spin off, continues raids)

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• And the monkeys?
• Lived up to 10 years after raid.
• Groups battled over ownership and care - PETA
  fought against euthanasia.
• DID have significant effect on welfare of
• animals in biomedical research

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Animal Welfare Act

• First written in 1965 by U.S. Congress
• Amended many times - most recent
• 1997