United Nations: SOUTH AFRICA

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United Nations SOUTH AFRICA

• Case Study UN of Apartheid opposition in South
  Africa

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APARTHEID
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South Africa under Apartheid

• National Party (NP) of South African government
  to permit legalized racial segregation
  
• Occurred between 1948-1994
• Arose out of Dutch and British colonialism
• Classified people into groups
• Black, White, Colored, and Asian
• Opposition was beaten by police brutality and
  govt trial, torture, and censorship
  
• Had the covert support of the US

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Consequences of Apartheid

• Blacks were stripped of citizenship
• Blacks were forced towards the least economically
  productive areas
  
• Govt segregated education, medical care, and
  other public standards

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Apartheid Laws

• Population Registration Act (1950)
• Registration as either White, Black, Colored, or
  Asian
  
• Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
• Created separate government structures for black
  people
  
• Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
• Prohibited people of different races from using
  the same public amenities
  
• Extension of University Education Act (1959)
• Separation of universities

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The United Nations
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The UN Involvement

• In 1966, the UN held the first of many
  colloquiums on apartheid
  
• 21 March International Day for the Elimination
  of Racism
  
• 1971 denounced the institution of homelands
• 1974 motion to eject SA from UN (discarded)
• UN did allow an economic sanction
• 1968 deferral of all cultural, didactic, and
  supporting commerce
  
• 1964 US and GB discontinue armaments to SA
• 1977 voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory
  with the passing of the UN Security Council
  Resolution 418
  

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UN Campaigns

• Disinvestment
• Motion to put pressure of SAs apartheid system
• Academic Boycott
• Use of SA academic institutions and scholars to
  pressure apartheid
  

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Legislation

• UN Resolution 1961
• Deemed apartheid against UN charter
• UN SC Resolution 181 (1963)
• Against arms build-up
• Crime of Apartheid Convention (1973)

• UN SC Resolution 418 (1977)
• Comprehensive anti-Apartheid Act (1986)
• US economic sanction against SA

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Efficacy of UN

• Last piece of legislation was in 1986
• This was not to mention that conferences were
  held after this date
  
• Yet, Apartheid continued in SA until 1994
• Yet, SA only established its independence in 1990
  after the UN ended SAs longstanding occupation
  in Nambia
  
• Give credibility as this was a global movement
• Though, freedom from apartheid was mainly a
  domestic affair

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ReferencesDetail of the Apartheid
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Nelson Mandela

• Anti-apartheid activist
• Became the president of SA
• Symbol of freedom and quality
• Mandela brought voting to Blacks in SA
• http//youtube.com/watch?vfPofm50MHW8
• Video to show First Interview of Mandela on
  Apartheid

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Biko

• Song by Peter Gabriel
• http//youtube.com/watch?vXNQuJm67OzE
• Described Biko and his lifetime
• Biko was a non-violent anti-apartheid activist
• He founded the Black Consciousness Movement
• Slogan Black is beautiful
• man, you are as ok as you are, begin to look at
  yourself as a human being
  
• Biko was arrested, beaten, and died in prison
  after he was arrested at a police roadblock

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Soweto Riots

• Series of clashes in Soweto, SA in 1976
• A riot between the South African authorities and
  the Black Youth
  
• Against the Nationalist govt and apartheid
• June 16 Youth Day
• Henry Kissinger did not come to SA because of
  these riots
  
• ANC exiled SA to further intl and economic
  sanctions
  
• http//youtube.com/watch?vd_kTeXz78Jk
• Video on the Soweto Riots