PERSONALITY

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PERSONALITY

• PERSONALITY IS THE SUM TOTAL OF AN INDIVIDUALS
  CHARACTERISTICS WHICH MAKE HIM UNIQUE
• (HOLLANDER)

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HOLLANDER CONCENTRIC RING THEORY

• Hollander believed that personality could be
  represented by 3 concentric rings, with the
  innermost ring being the most difficult to
  penetrate.
• 1 PSYCHOLOGICAL CORE the real you, the core
  concept of self that individuals are unwilling
  to reveal.
• 2 TYPICAL RESPONSES represents how individuals
  are likely to respond in a situation.
• 3 ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR how an individual
  responds in a specific situation. This may be an
  uncharacteristic behaviour.

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FREUD- PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY

• Freud believed that personality is made up of 3
  components id ego and super ego.
• The id represents our basic instincts over which
  we have no control eg. Sleeping when tired or in
  sports, a need to win.
• The ego seeks to satisfy the basic need. To win
  at all costs a player may might resort to
  aggressive actions, fouling opponents or other
  forms of cheating.
• The super ego is the moral arm or social
  conscience. It judges whether behaviour is
  acceptable. In sporting situations it helps to
  control aggression and keep players within the
  rules of the game.

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FREUDS PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
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TRAIT THEORY BF(P)

• A trait is a characteristic of personality. It is
  inherited ie. Passed on genetically from parents
  to children.
• A trait is a natural force or instinct that
  causes an individual to act in a particular way.
  This theory links with Psychodynamic theory.
• Traits are thought to be stable, enduring and
  consistent across all situations. They could,
  therefore, be god predictors of behaviour.

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EYSENCK

• Eysenck recognised 4 personality types arranged
  on 2 dimensions or continua.

NEUROTIC- unstable
INTROVERT
EXTROVERT
STABLE
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EYSENCKS DIMENSIONS

• INTROVERSION/EXTROVERSION
• LINKED TO HOW SOCIABLE OR UNSOCIABLE PEOPLE
  APPEAR TO BE.
• CONTROLLED BY THE RAS
• RAS in extroverts inhibits sensory information
  extroverts may get bored easily, seek
  stimulation, challenges, and interaction with
  others. Extroverts achieve optimum performance at
  high levels of arousal, in team activities or
  those involving gross skills.
• Introverts do not need external stimulation to
  function at optimum levels. They achieve optimum
  performance at low levels of arousal, in
  individual activities, requiring precision.

• STABLE/NEUROTIC
• LINKED TO A PERSONS NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE
  LEVELS OF NERVOUSNESS AND ANXIETY THEY ARE
  SUSCEPTIBLE TO.

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CATTELL16 PERSONALITY FACTOR TEST

• Cattell identified 16 traits that he believed
  everyone has to some degree.
• He used the results of his 16PF questionnaire to
  develop personality profiles.
• Although this provided a wider description of
  personality than Eysencks two dimensional
  approach it was criticised for the following
  reasons
• - too simplistic
• - failed to consider the effects of
  environmental situations
• Self report tests/ questionnaires were criticised
  in terms of
• - accuracy
• - honesty of participant
• - participants desire to create a favourable
  impression
• - ambiguous questions, open to interpretation by
  the participant or tester
• - reliability, the same participant would not
  always give the same answers in repeat tests.

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GIRDANO

• TYPE A CHARACTERISTICS
• HIGHLY COMPETITIVE
• STRONG DESIRE TO SUCCEED
• WORKS FAST
• LIKES TO CONTROL
• PRONE TO SUFFER STRESS

• TYPE B CHARACTERISTICS
• NON-COMPETITIVE
• UNAMBITIOUS
• WORKS MORE SLOWLY
• DOES NOT ENJOY CONTROL
• LESS PRONE TO STRESS

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PERSONALITY AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE

• Many psychologists have tried to establish links
  between personality types and sport
• BUT findings indicate that.
• Many top performers in the same sport have
  different personality profiles.
• Personality type does not predict excellence or
  participation in sport
• There is no ideal sports personality