Vineyard Nutrient Management

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Vineyard NutrientManagement

• Dr. Paul Domoto
• Dept. of Horticulture
• domoto_at_iastate.edu

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY University Extension
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Vineyard Management
Vine Growth
Fruit Production
Maintaining a Balance
Pruning Fertilization
30 Plus 10 Rule or 20 Plus 10
Rule
Nitrogen (N) other essential nutrients
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Developing a Fertilizer Programfor a Vineyard

• Need to know understand your soil.
• Begin before planting.
• Optimize the pH for Grapes (5.5 to 6.5).
• Amend to optimize the level of major nutrients.
• Understand its internal drainage characteristic.
• After planting adjust your program based on
• Soils fertility level (O.M. content) vineyard
  needs (petiole analysis).
• Cultivar characteristics (vigor, cold hardiness).
• Cropping potential.
• No two sites are alike.

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Essential Mineral Nutrients

• Macro Elements
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorous (P)
• Potassium (K)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Sulfur (S)

• Micro Elements
• Manganese (Mn)
• Iron (Fe)
• Boron (B)
• Copper (Cu)
• Zinc (Zn)
• Molybdenum (Mo)

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Nutrient Availability Uptake
S
N
K
S
Ca
P
Mg
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S
N
P
N
N
P
P
N
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Availability of Essential Mineral Nutrients

• Composition of the soil parent material.
• Soil pH
• Soil Texture
• Soil weathering / leaching
• Internal drainage characteristics of the soil.
• Competition between nutrients for uptake by the
  plant.
• Soil organic matter content.
• Previous fertilizer history.

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South Dakota Concerns

• N Low on sandy soils.
• High to excessive on organic soils.
• P High on fertilized soils naturally low on
  sandier soils.
• K Generally high to excessively high low on
  sandier soils.
• Can stratify when cultivation is not practiced.
• Mg Low on sandier soils excessive high K
  soils.
• Can be very high on glaciated dolomitic soils.
• S Can be low on many soils.
• Zn Low on sandier and high pH soils.
• Mn Low on high pH soils.
• Fe Low on high pH soils.
• Cu Can be low on high pH soils.
• B Can be low in many Midwest soils.

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Soil pH

• Increases from east to west (rainfall drops
  off).
• Higher on loamy and silty soils.
• Higher on soils with lower internal drainage.
• High on soils with high water tables.
• Low on sandier soils.

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Soil pH Nutrient Availability as Influenced
by Soil pH
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.5
6.5
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn)
Boron (B)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
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Iron Chlorosis
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Photographed by Eli Bergmeier
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Sulfur Requirementto Lower the Soil pH to 6.5
?
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Lime Requirementto Raise the Soil pH to 6.5 and
6.0
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Composition of the Soil Parent Material

• Low in P, K, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Cu, B
• Particularly on sandier soils.
• Farming practices can increase P and K to very
  high to excessive levels.
• K-induced Mg deficiency

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Soil weathering / leaching Nutrient
Mobility in the Soil
Very Immobile
Very Mobile

• Nitrogen (N)
• Sulfur (S)
• Boron (B)
• Manganese (Mn)
• Zinc (Zn)
• Iron (Fe)

• Copper (Cu)
• Molybdenum (Mo)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Potassium (K)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Phosphorous (P)

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Soil weathering / leaching

• Greater leaching on sandier soils.
• N, S, B, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg

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Competition between nutrients for uptake
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Smith, C.B, et. Al. 1957. The nutritional status
of Concord grape vines in Erie county,
Pennsylvania as indicated by petiole and soil
analysis. Proc. ASHS 70189-196.
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Competition between nutrients for uptake

• Suppression
• Mg ? K, Ca, Mn
• Ca ? K, Mg
• K ? N, Mg, Ca, B
• N ? Fe, Cu
• NH4-N ? K, Ca, Mg
• NO3-N ? P, S
• P ? Zn, Ca
• S ? B, Mo, Fe
• Cu ? Zn
• Zn ? Fe
• B, Cu, Mn, Fe compete

• Enhancement
• NO3-N ? Ca
• P ? Mo
• K ? Fe
• S ? N
• B ? Ca

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Soil organic matter content Nitrogen is
released from Organic Matter
Too high for grapes
X
?
?
Ideal
?
Need to adjust N fertilization rates based on the
organic matter content of your soil.
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The darker the color, the higher the organic
matter content.
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Soil organic matter content

• Decreases from east to west.
• Decrease in precipitation.
• Decreases with increasing internal drainage.

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Determining the Need for Fertilizer

• Visual
• Plant vigor A shot in the dark
• Should be adjusting pruning to plant vigor
  practicing the 30 Plus 10 Rule or 20 Plus 10
  Rule to maintain a balance between vine growth
  and fruiting.
• Deficiency symptoms Generally too late
• Soil testing
• Suitable for pre-plant testing.
• Only good for some nutrients.
• Petiole Analysis
• Reliable after first growing season.
• Measures what plants are able to take up.

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Desirable Soil Test Ranges for Grapes
Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook
also in Midwest Grape Production Guide (OSU
Ext Bull 919) http//plantsci.sdstate.edu/soil
test/
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Pre-plant Soil Test

• Test for pH, P, K, Mg, Zn, S(?), O.M.
• Separate sample for each soil type.
• Separate samples for different cropping
  histories.
• Submit samples collected from 2 depths
• 0 to 6 inch, or 0 to 8 inch depth.
• 6 to 12 inch, or 8 or 16 inch depth.
• Have your Extension Specialist look over the
  results.

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Soil vs Petiole Analysis

• Soil
• Pre-plant
• Adjust pH, bring P, K, Mg, S(?) Zn to optimum.
• Not accurate for many nutrients.
• 2nd year beyond
• Monitor pH.
• Basis for K rate if petiole analysis indicates a
  short supply.

• Petiole
• 1st year
• Not accurate
• Reflects growing conditions in the nursery.
• 2nd year beyond
• Accurate measure of most essential nutrients.
• Sampling time is important.
• Annual analysis allows for fine-tuning of
  fertilizer program, correcting shortages before
  they become a problem.

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Plant Soil Analysis Labs

• A L Laboratories http//allabs.com/
• Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories
  http//mvtl.com/
• U of MN Res Anal. Lab http//ral.coafes.umn.edu/
  index.htm
• AGVISE Laboratories http//www.sgvise.com/
• International Ag Labs http//www.aglabs.com
• MDS Harris Laboratories http//www.ag.mdsharris.c
  om/
• Midwest Laboratories, Inc. http///www.midwestla
  bs.com/index3.html
• Ward Laboratories, Inc. http//www.wardlab.com
• SD St. Univ. Soil Testing Laboratory
• http//plantsci.sdstate/soil test/

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Summary of Grape Nutrient Management

• Pre-plant Soil Test pH, P, K, Mg, Zn, S(?), O.M.
• Amend soil as needed and incorporate as deep as
  uniformly as possible.
• Apply a low rate of N after planting, and in 2nd
  year. (40-50 lb N / A - .4 to .6 oz N applied
  around each vine, remained broadcast applied.
  Adjust based on soil organic matter content.)
• Begin petiole analysis during the 2nd year or
  when crop production begins, and adjust N
  fertilizer rates based on test results and vine
  vigor (prunings removed).
• Apply other nutrients as needed based on petiole
  analysis results.

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