Feeding BioFuels Coproducts to Livestock: Challenges to Animal Health NIAA, Sacramento, 4207

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Feeding BioFuels Co-products to
LivestockChallenges to Animal Health
NIAA, Sacramento, 4/2/07

• Gavin L Meerdink, DVM, D.ABVT

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Where to put the corn . . . . ?
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User Definitions Based on consistency of
product

• Coproduct
• the output of a consistent process
• materials from a consistent, quality conscious
  manufacturing process which has predictable
  food value
• (distillers grains, corn gluten, soy hulls, etc.)
• Byproduct
• material with inconsistent ingredients or quality
  that can not be used for original intended
  purpose
• inconsistent materials may be unknown
  constituents
• (corn screenings, gin trash, rejected grains,
  off-spec food ingredients, litter, rinse water,
  etc.)

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ETHANOL
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Confusion

• DG distillers grains
• DGS distillers grains with solubles
• DDGS distillers dried grains with solubles
• Corn gluten feed--wet
• Corn gluten feed
• Corn gluten meal
• Brewers dried grains
• Malt sprouts
• Distillers dried grains

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2 Ethanol plant process types

• Wet Milling
• Dry Grind

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Ethanol plant process types

• Wet Milling
• 1st fractionation
• steep in weak sulfurous acid solution
• starch, germ, fiber, protein
• Starch hi fructose corn syrup
• ethanol ? DDGS (minor source)
• Fiber corn gluten feed (wet or dry)
• Protein corn gluten meal

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Ethanol plant process types

• Wet Milling
• Dry Grind
• Entire corn kernel ground, initial process
• Fermentation ? ethanol
• ? DDGS
• Most of the ethanol from dry grind process plants

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Issues for Health, corn coproducts

• Variability (plant to plant load to load)
• Routine analyses may be warranted
• wet wt. v. dry wt.

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Issues for Health, corn coproducts

• Variability (plant to plant load to load)
• Phosphorus
• CaP ratios in cattle diets can vary 11 to 71
• If lt 11 problem

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Composition D.M. (NRC 1982)
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Issues for Health, corn coproducts

• Variability (plant to plant load to load)
• Phosphorus ? urolithiasis
• urinary calculi, calculosis, water belly,
  kidney stones
• Inversion of CaP ratio
• Mg also a factor
• Also high in DDGS and CGF
• Max tolerated, ruminant diets 0.4

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Issues for Health, corn coproducts

• Variability (plant to plant load to load)
• Phosphorus ? urolithiasis
• Sulphur ? Polioencephalomalacia
• S concentrations gt 0.25 hazard
• (difficult interpretation multiple S compounds
  besides sulfates and sulfides . . . AA,
  organic Ss, 5 oxidation states)
• Copper (low dietrelation)
• Gradual diet incorporation especially naïve
  animals

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Composition D.M. (NRC 1982)
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Issues for Health, corn coproducts

• Variability (plant to plant load to load)
• Phosphorus ? urolithiasis
• Sulphur ? sulfates
• Copper deficiency
• Given affinity of Cu and SO4s, DDGS CGF
  have been implicated in decreased Cu absorption

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Issues for Health, corn coproducts Other

• Whatever else came with Corn plant additions
  during processing
• Mycotoxins (do survive processing)
• Aflatoxins year/region milk residues
• Ochratoxin potential, regional
• Fumonisins hazard in equine diets
• Antimicrobial agents (processing aids)
• Virginiamycin, others (?)
• Residues (animal products, environment)

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Future? ( . . for example)

• US Dept of Energy investment 385 mil in six
  plants throughout US
• Cellulosic ethanol conversion technologies
  commercialization
• Research on novel source materials
• plant cellulose materials, e.g., stovers, straws,
  grasses, cobs, etc.
• Vegetable wastes
• Wood chips
• Landfill green wood waste

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BIODIESEL

• Sources What are they?
• Soybeans
• other oil seed sources
• Lipids . . other sources
• What are the coproducts??

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Biodiesel CoProducts issues

• Glycerin (glycerol)
• Energy source
• Nutritional research needed
• Methanol . .
• Animals, particularly ruminants, less sensitive
  to methanol than humans
• CO2 H2O gt OCHOH (formate) gt OCH2
  (formaldehyde) gt CH3OH (methanol) gt CH4
  (methane)

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Biodiesel CoProducts issues

• Source dependent
• e.g., raw soybeans do contain antimetabolite
  compounds
• Residues
• Particularly from non-ag crop residues??

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Contamination e.g., Dioxins

• Twenty dioxin (D)/furan (F)/polychlorinated
  biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in yellow
  grease (waste fats and oils from restaurants) and
  in rendered fat from cattle, poultry, swine and
  mixed animal species (8 -18 samples per
  commodity). The total D/F/PCB levels found
  ranged from 0 to 1.6 parts per trillion (ppt)
  toxic equivalents (TEQ). These levels were below
  the 3.0 ppt TEQ maximum residue limit (MRL)
  recently proposed by the European Communities
  (EC) for D/F/PCB in animal fat. (Dr. Lovell,
  FDA, 2005)

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Grain CoProducts use future

• CoProducts will change as processes change for
  extraction of new product
• New product extraction techniques
• Economics
• Tax abatements
• Source commodities prices
• Processing costs/efficiencies
• More attention will be focused toward coproducts
  when profit from them is needed.

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Presently

• The SAFETY of grains coproducts at this time
  ultimately rests upon the user.
• Eventually
• Plants should become more involved with product
  safety and problem investigation. (for their own
  protection)

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Acknowledgements

• Ronald Belyea, U. of Mo
• Kent Rausch, U of IL
• Mike Tumbleson, U of IL
• V. J. Singh, U of IL
• Rausch, Belyea The future of Coproducts from
  corn processing. Appl Bioch Biotech 128(47-85),
  2006.
• Mineral Tolerances of Animals, 2nd Rev Edition.
  NRC of the National Academies, 2005

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Cost Comparisons (Feedstuffs 3/26/07
Chicago)
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Ethanol Production

• Clean Air Act (90s)L gas req. 2 oxygen
• MTBE ban further accelerated increase
• Production increase expanding
• 2004 3.4 bil gal ethanol
• 2012 7.5 bil gal, by legislative mandate
• (this will utilize 25 to 30 of US corn crop)
• 1/3 of the corn mass ? coproducts
• DDGS
• Gluten feed
• Marketing coproducts ? essential income