Defining Moments in the Christian History Brandon Bayne

1
Defining Moments in the Christian HistoryBrandon
Bayne

• Ignatius Loyola, the Jesuits, and Christian
  Expansion

2
Handouts and Power Points

• www.fisherkids.net/psc.htm

3
Ignatius Loyola and the Founding of the Jesuits
1491 - 1556
4
The Founding of the Jesuits Spiritual Exercises

• Second Contemplation
• In the morning. From the last supper through the
  agony in the garden.
• First Prelude. This is the history of the
  mystery. Her it will be as follows. Jesus our
  Lord came down with the disciples from the supper
  which had taken place on Mt. Zion. After
  crossing the city of Jerusalem and the valley
  outside its walls, they came to the garden of
  Gethsemane, near the foot of the Mt. of Olives.
  Taking three of the disciples with him, then
  going a little further by himself, Jesus began to
  pray, a prayer so intense that he began to sweat
  drops of blood. Three times he prayed and three
  times went to rouse the disciples from sleep.
  When Judas arrived with the soldiers, betraying
  the Lord with a kiss, and Peter cut off the ear
  of Malchus, a servant of the high priest, Jesus
  was seized like a common criminal and led through
  the valley up to the house of Annas.

5
Spiritual Exercises
Second Prelude. This is to see the place. Here
it will be to consider the way from Mt. Zion to
the Garden, and also the breadth, length and
appearance of the garden. Third Prelude. This
is to ask fro what I desire. In the passion it
is appropriate to ask for sorrow with Christ in
sorrow, to be broken with Christ broken, and for
tears and interior suffering because of Christs
great suffering for me. Loyola, Spiritual
Exercises
6
The Advance of Islam

• The Prophet
• Mohammed and his Encounter with Monotheism
• Probably encountered Nestorians in Arabia

7
The Advance of Islam
8
The Advance of Islam
9
The Advance of Islam
10
The Advance of Islam
11
The Advance of Islam The Spread

• Damascus (635)
• Jerusalem (638)
• Alexandria (643)
• North Africa (711)
• Iberia (711)
• Asia Minor/Turkey (718)

12
The Advance of Islam
13
The Advance of Islam

• Why did Christian countries fall so quickly and
  completely?

14
Advance of Islam The Response

• Charles Martel defeats Moors at the Battle of
  Tours/Portiers (732)
• Reconquista of Spain (711 1492)

15
(No Transcript)
16
La Reconquista de Espana
17
Advance of Islam Response
18
Advance of Islam Response

• Santiago Matamoros
• St. James the Moor Killer
• Most Popular Shrine in Middle Ages (Campostela)

19
The Dawn of the Crusades
20
Dawn of the Crusades

• Penitential Pilgrimage
• Charlegmagne gets keys to Jerusalem from Caliph
• 1010 Hakim Ends Special Arrangement

21
Dawn of the Crusades
2. Knights and the Courtly Romance
22
Attitudes Toward War

• No War (Justin Martyr, Origen, Sermon on the Mt.)
• Just War (Augustine, Luther, Mk. 1217)
• Holy War (OT, Jn. 215, Mt. 1034, Lk. 22)

23
Dawn of the Crusades

• Bernard of Clairvaux
• Apostle of Love or Hate?
• Famous Cistercian Ascetic
• Calls for fighting for the land of King Jesus
  and defense of the cross against heretics of Islam

24
Dawn of the Crusades
25
Fourth Crusade Constantinople
26
Dawn of the Crusades

• Urban II and Franks respond to requests from
  Byzantine Empire
• 4th Crusade Latin Constantinople/pillaging/schis
  m
• 5th 8th Crusades are failures, last one ends
  1270

27
Changing Tides

• 1453 Orthodox Constantinople falls to the Turks
• 1492 Muslim Granada falls to Spain

28
Monastic Movement

• Paths of Radical Discipleship
• 1. Martyrdom
• 2. Asceticism
• 3. Monasticism

29
Development of Monasticism

• Call of the Desert
• Develop Spirituality
• Obedience
• Flee World
• Anthony and Desert Fathers
• Hermetic Anchorites

30
Development of Monasticism

• Basil the Great founds Monastic Communities in
  Asia Minor and Judea Cenobite
• Benedict of Nursia and
• his Rule

31
Medieval Monastic Movements

• Cluniacs Wealthy and Educated Benedictines (910)
• Cistercians Reformed Cluniacs, strict Ascetics,
  challenge to rigorous heretics, Bernard of
  Clairvaux is Abbot (1098)

32
Medieval Monastic Movements

• Knights Templar (1118)
• 1st Military Order
• Crusaders
• Defenders of Pilgrims to the Holy Land
• Oath to Patriarch of Jerusalem

33
Medieval Monastic Movements

• Dominicans (1203)
• OP Order of Preachers
• Imitate Apostolic Evangelists
• Counter Heretics (Cathars)
• Education
• Inquisition
• Missionaries
• Mendicants

34
Medieval Monastic Movements

• Franciscans (1209)
• OFM Brothers Minor
• Francis of Assisi urbane soldier and merchant
• Apostolic Poverty
• Mendicants
• Radical Obedience
• Preaching Missions to Egypt, Europe, and all
  creation

35
Canticle of Brother Sun, Sister Moon
  Most High, Omnipotent, Good Lord,Thine be the
praises, the glory, and the honor and every
blessing (cf. Apoc. 49.11). To Thee alone, Most
High, do they belongand no man is worthy to
mention Thee. May Thou be praised, my Lord, with
all Thy creatures (cf. Tob. 87), especially
mister brother sun,of whom is the day, and Thou
enlightens us through him.
36
Medieval Missions and Evangelism

• Arian Conversions
• 1. Goths Urfilas (Baltics)
• 2. Burgundians (Rhone Valley)
• 3. Visigoths (Spain/Southern France)
• 4. Vandals (North Africa)
• 5. Lombards (Northern Italy)

37
Medieval Missions and Evangelism

• CatholicConversion
• 1. Franks Clovis, 496 (France)
• 1st Major Germanic Conversion to Catholicism
• Ancestor of Charlemagne

38
Medieval Missions and Evangelism

• Catholic Conversion Continued
• 2. England - Ethelbert of Kent, 597
• Gregory the Great sees English in Rome
• Says the Angles have faces of Angels
• Sends Augustine and 40 Companions on Mission
• Augustine welcomed by Bertha, Christian Wife of
  Ethelbert
• Founds monastery and Bishopric at Canterbury

39
Medieval Missions and Evangelism

• Catholic Conversions Continued
• St. Patrick Brings Gospel to Ireland
• British Captive, escapee
• Returns as Catholic Missionary
• Sets up monasteries with powerful abbots

40
Medieval Missions and Evangelism

• Irish Monks Go to Scotland and Northern England
  on Mission
• Columba gt Iona, 563
• Aidan gt Lindinsfarn, 635

41
Medieval Missions and Evangelism

• Missionary Apostolates 10 12 Monks who settle,
  build center, evangelize, educate, train, and
  move on to unreached area
• 1. Belgium/Holland Willibroard of Ireland
• 2. Germany Boniface of Briton
• 3. Scandanavia Hamburgians

42
Spread of Christianity

• Nestorian Church spreads to Arabia, Persia,
  Central Asia, and China by 7th Century

Nestorian Chinese Priest writes commemoration of
the coming of luminous religion to China, 781 AD
43
Spread of Christianity

• Orthodoxy Brought to Eastern Europe by Cyril and
  Methodius
• Mar Toma/Syriac Church in India
• Coptic Church grows in Ethiopia

44
Spread of Christianity
45
Heresy Division

• Albigensians (Cathars)
• 12th Century Explosion
• Dualistic Theology
• Medieval Manicheans
• Separate Hierarchy and Institutions
• Ascetic Perfecti

• Waldensians
• Peter Valdez
• 12th Century
• Vita apostolica
• Anticlerical
• Advocate Vernacular translation and preaching
• Refuse to obey

46
Inquisition

• Established by Gregory IX in 13th Century
• Deals with Cathars
• Dominicans challenge with preaching, inquisition,
  and asceticism
• Goal Repentance

47
Inquisition

• Spanish Inquisition Founded in Castile in 1478
• Royal Institution
• Deals with Jewish Converts who Judaize
• Extended to Moors, Protestants, and New World in
  1520s

48
(No Transcript)
49
New Religious Orders

• Theatines (1524) Cajetan, Counterreformation
• Barnabites (1530) Pauline, Foreign Missions
• Capuchins (1528)
• a. Rigorist Franciscan Reform
• b. Care for Victims of Plague
• c. Famous leader Ochino converts to Calvinism
• d. Franciscan reform movement
• e. Long black hoods cappucio

50
New Religious Orders

• Discalced Carmelites (1528)
• No Shoes
• Mystical
• Spanish
• Teresa of Avila
• St. John of the Cross
• Rouse Suspicion of Inquisition

51
New Religious Orders

• Recollects (1570s)
• French
• Huge Missionary Force in North America
• Another Franciscan Missionary Group
• More Franciscan Missionaries than Protestants
• until the 20th Century

52
Papal Reform

• Paul III
• appoints commission to review state of church
• Consilium de emendadas ecclesia recommends
  curbing secular powers of papacy in 1537
• Regensburg Colloquium with Protestants

53
Council of Trent

• Catholic Reform
• Creed of Pius IV
• Education of Priests
• Visitation by Bishops
• Systematized Doctrine
• Renewed Worship
• Catechism, Breviary, Missal, and Hymns

• Counter Reform
• Denies Passive Justification
• Affirms Tradition
• Mandates 7 Sacraments
• Mass Propitiatory
• Affirms Latin Mass/Scripture
• Supremacy of Papacy

54
Council of Trent

• Tridentine Catholicism
• Centralized Church
• Supremacy of Rome
• Veneration of Saints
• Uniformity of Practice

55
Vatican II

• Vernacular Translations
• New Catechism
• Protestants change from anathema to separated
  brethren
• Joint Statement on Justification, 1997

56
Spread of Catholicism

• In 1500, 95 of worlds Christians lived in
  Europe
• By 1750 there were thriving and growing Catholic
  Churches on every Continent
• This was the major period of the Jesuits

57
Dominicans

• Bartolome de las Casas
• (1474 1566)
• Spanish Encomendero
• Goes with Columbus to New World
• Converted after Massacre
• Defends Indians
• Writes Destruction of the Indies
• Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico Guatemala

58
Dominicans

• Francisco de Vitoria
• (1492 1546)
• Chair of Philosophy at University of Salamanca
• Develops Just War Theory
• to defend Spanish Conquest

59
Franciscans

• 12 Apostles of Mexico
• Arrive (Olmedo) with Cortez in 1519
• Learn Nahuatl (Aztec) and other Indigenous
  languages
• Work to Baptize, Convert, and Catechize Indians
• Sahagun writes The History of the Things of New
  Spain

60
Fransicans

• California Begun in 1769 by Junipero Serra

• New Mexico
• (1598 Present)

61
Jesuits

• Most Prolific Missionaries because they are not
  attached to Monasteries and serve papacy directly
• Known for great education and the firmness of
  will
• Steeled by Loyolas Spiritual Exercises
• First to adopt native practices
• Spread to India, Japan, China, Africa, Eastern
  and Western Europe (esp. Poland and England),
  North, and South America

62
Jesuits

• Francis Xavier (1506 1552)
• Original Loyola Companion
• First Missionary
• Goes to Goa, India and works first with
  Portuguese, then lower castes (1541)
• Moves to Japan (1549)
• 1552 dies while trying to reach China

63
Jesuits

• Matteo Ricci (1552 1610)
• Follows after Xavier
• Studies Math and Astronomy
• Adopts Confucian dress and Mandarin language
• Welcomed at Imperial Court
• Divine Name (Tien-Chu)

64
Chinese Rites Controversy

• Provoked by Riccis Incarnational Method
• Question about how to respond to Chinese Ancestor
  Rituals (Incorporate, Reject, Change?)
• Franciscans and Dominicans see worst in folk
  religious practice
• Ongoing debate for a century
• Pope Clement XI finally condemns rituals in 1715

65
Chinese Rites Controversy

• Do not try to persuade the Chinese to change
  their rites, their customs, their ways, as long
  as these are not openly opposed to religion and
  good morals. What would be sillier than to
  import France, Spain, Italy, or any other country
  of Europe to China. Dont import these, but
  Faith. The faith does not reject or crush the
  rites and customs of any race, as long as these
  are not evil. Rather it wants to preserve them.
• - Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the
  Faith, 1659

66
Jesuits in North America

• Jean de Brebeuf (1593 1649)
• 1625 Missionary to Quebec
• Works with Hurons
• Learns Huron, translates some scripture and
  liturgy to their idiom
• Conversion, warfare, and disease
• Martyred in 1649 in Huronia

67
(No Transcript)
68
Jesuits in South America

• Jose de Acosta (1539 1600)
• Spanish Jesuit Missionary to Peru and Mexico
• Writes on native practice and missionary
  methodology
• The Natural and Moral History of the Indies

69
Jesuits in the Southwest

• Eusebio Kino (1645 1711)

• Italian Missionary for Spain
• Founds Missions throughout Sonora
• Explores Southern Arizona extensively
• Founds Tumacacori and San Xavier del Bac

70
Jesuits in the Southwest