Objective 2'1

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Attack TAKS

• Objective 2.1
• Biology Concepts Living Characteristics and
  Taxonomy

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1. What trait will most likely be observed in all
offspring of the above set of parents? A Green
feathers B Yellow feathers C Long beak D Short
beak
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2.
A. B. C. D.
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3. The illustration above left shows a cell model
with starch solutions both inside and outside the
cell. In which of the following situations will
the solution rise highest in the tube?
C D
A B
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• 4. Which two kingdoms have members that are
  photosynthetic?
• A Eubacteria and Fungi
• B Protista and Animalia
• C Plantae and Protista
• D Animalia and Fungi

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Check your answers . . .

• A
• C
• D
• C
• If you have all 4 correct, go to the quiz at the
  end of this presentation and see if you need to
  do this review. . .

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Taxonomy
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From Largest (most general) to smallest (most
specific)

• Kingdom
• Phylla
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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6 Kingdoms Largest groupings of living things
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
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Animal Kingdom

• Multicellular heterotrophic
• This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major
  phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla)
• Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular and autotrophic
• Means that all plants perform photosynthesis
• This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers,
  and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees,
  shrubs, most garden plants, most crops,
  wildflowers)

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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular and some single-cells
• Most of these organisms are decomposers
• Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like
  athlete's foot

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Kingdoms of Single Cells

• Kingdom Protista largest source of food and
  oxygen for the entire planet. These can be
  autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates.
• Described as Unicellular Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotic Kingdom- Cells without membraned
organelles

• Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes
  which are often decomposers
• Kingdom Archeobacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes
  from extreme environments.

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Remember Question 4?

• 4. Which two kingdoms have members that are
  photosynthetic?
• A Eubacteria and Fungi
• B Protista and Animalia
• C Plantae and Protista
• D Animalia and Fungi

The answer must have the plant kingdom in it, and
Protista is the other possibility.
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Binomial Classification

• Living things are given a two-part scientific
  name. The first part is the Genus which is
  capitalized, and the second, which is the species
  part of the scientific name is never
  capitalized.
• Scientific names are used because the same plant
  or animal in different places may have different
  common names.
• Your scientific name is Homo sapiens

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Eukaryotic Cells
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Cell Part Function
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Plant Cells have, and Animal Cells dont

• Chloroplasts organelle responsible for
  photosynthesis
• Cell Walls a structure outside of the membrane
  to provide support
• Very large vacuoles to store extra water

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This is a typical plant cell

• It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very
  large vacuole.
• Why do plants need large vacuoles?

• ANSWER This is where food and water are stored.
  

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Cell Reproduction

• Cell Cycle is the 2-part life cycle of a cell.
  Mitosis is the process of cell division. The
  growth and normal function is Interphase.
• During mitosis the chromosomes are separated into
  two new identical sister cells.
• The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
  is the same as was in the mother cell.

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When cells reproduce out of control

• Tumors are formed. This is what is called
  cancer.
• It may or may not be malignant (kind that
  spreads).

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Transporting into Cells -
Diffusion Osmosis is the diffusion of H2O

• Passive movement from an area of high
  concentration to an area of low concentration is
  diffusion.
• The diffusion of water is called osmosis.
• In cells, the membrane controls what goes in and
  out of the cell.

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3. The illustration above left shows a cell model
with starch solutions both inside and outside the
cell. In which of the following situations will
the solution rise highest in the tube?
Remember 3?
C D
A B
More water going in to equalize, since more is
outside than in.
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What is Active Transport?
 
 

• Energy is used to move selected molecules into a
  cell, even if they are at a low concentration.

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6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2
Carbon dioxide Plus Water Produces Glucose And
Oxygen

• This is photosynthesis it is done in a
  chloroplast of a plant cell.

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Plants do photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O
• Occurs in the mitochondria of all living things

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Genetics How traits are inherited

• Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he
  experimented with pea plants.
• Dominant traits always are visible, and are
  represented by capital letters.
• Recessive traits are hidden unless both alleles
  are the recessive one (Homozygous)
• At least one pair of alleles determines the trait
  in genetic inheritance.

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Phenotype is what you see

• Phenotype refers to what is visible the
  dominant trait or the recessive trait.
• How do you know the phenotype?
• LOOK!!

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• Remember Question 2?
• What carries the genetic code?
• The chromosomes! They are in the nucleus of all
  cells.
• It is the nucleus of which mouse that is
  reproduced?

2.
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Genotype actual combination of alleles

• Only 3 possibilities
• BB Homozygous Dominant
• Bb Heterozygous
• bb Homozygous recessive
• Must look at inheritance pattern to find out.
• Punnett squares are tools used to predict
  possible combinations

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Punnett Squares show inheritance possibilities
and ratios
Remember Question 1? Notice that in every square
there is a capital G, therefore every offspring
will have green feathers since it is dominant.
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Pedigree shows the Family Tree
Parents Father is Normal Mother is a Carrier
She must be a carrier, since one of her sons has
it!
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Okay, lets see what you remember. . .

• For the next 10 slides, write your answers on a
  sheet of paper under the title Obj. 2.1.
• Choose the best answer for each question.

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1.
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2.
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3.
A. B. C. D.
TAK Obj. 02 TEKS B.8C
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4.
A. B. C. D.
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5.
A. B. C. D.
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• 6 Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually
  mobile and obtain food from other organisms
  probably belong to the kingdom
• A Plantae
• B Fungi
• C Animalia
• D Protista

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7. Energy conversion within an animal cell would
be severely limited by removal of the cells A
mitochondria B chloroplasts C plastids D
lysosomes
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8.
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
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Check your answers . . .

• C
• B
• B
• C
• D
• C
• A
• D

• If you missed any of these questions, please
  attend an Objective 2 tutorial session for more
  review.
• If you have questions about a particular answer,
  please ask one of the teachers present.

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• For the review of the rest of Objective 2
• Continue with TAKS Review 2.2 !
• Please turn in your answers with your name and
  your Science Teachers name to collect your bonus
  bucks!