Global Crisis in Aquatic Protein Supply

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Global Crisis in Aquatic Protein Supply

• FAO Annual sustainable capture fisheries harvest
  is 100 mmt (actual was 86 mmt in 1998)
• Consumption growing rapidly (predict total
  consumption to grow to 160 mmt to 2030)
• Aquaculture produces 31 mmt worth 47 billion
• Aquaculture must grow to 5 mmt/year to 2015,
• then 10 mmt/year thereafter to 2030

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Sea Change in Global Capture Fisheries Harvests
1990 1998 Japan 9.5
5.3 Russia 7.5 4.4 Peru
6.9 4.3 USA 5.6 4.7
(MMT)
China 6.6
17.2
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Ecological Aquaculture The Evolution of the Blue
Revolution
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Domestic Capture Fisheries Landings
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1. Restore Marine Fisheries 2. Reduce
Bycatch 3. Increase Processing Efficiencies 4.
Expand Use of Underutilized Fish 5. Increase
Imports 6. Increase Aquaculture
Not One, But At Least Six Options to Sustain
Seafood Supplies
Ecological Aquaculture The Evolution of the Blue
Revolution
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I. Stock Recoveries NOAA lists
109 fishery stocks as fully utilized 62
overutilized BUT All under Fisheries Management
Plans Few (none?) overexpolited to the point
where recovery is not possible, e.g.
North Atlantic fishery during WWII Striped bass
Georges Bank yellowtail flounder, haddock many
marine mammals (cod? Right whales?)
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K. Sherman, NMFS
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K. Sherman, NMFS
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K. Sherman, NMFS
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Stock RecoveriesNOAA 10 y Strategic Plan

• Better scientific models
• Better community-based management
• Better use of MPAs
• Restoration enhancement of habitats

12.0 MMT by 2025
4.7 MMT
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II. Reduce Bycatch

• Bycatch exceeds the catch actually utilized.
• Throwbacks" may be changing the form and
  functions of some marine food webs.
• Discards cause aggregations of predators, oxygen
  depletions changed behaviors of marine
  animals. Jones (1992) demonstrated that
  decomposing discards caused a disease which
  eliminated a scallop fishery.
• Shrimp bycatch can be as high as 125-830
  (Safina 1995).
• 3,000 T were discarded for each 500 T of shrimp
  in Australia (Dayton 1995).
• Fishing threatens a wide variety of marine
  mammals caught as bycatch (Dayton 1995).
• Tuna longliners annually take 44,000 wandering
  albatrosses as bycatch.

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III. Increase Processing Yields, New Processing
Methods Just 33 of round fish weight is
converted into edible weight New processing
technologies convert upwards of 60 Alaska
pollock fishery benefits from surimi processing
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• IV. Underutilized Fisheries
• Alaska pollock once considered trashfish
• In 1999 1 fishery in USA 2,326 mil lbs.
  162.8 mil)
• NMFS 36 stocks are "underutilized" due to
• minimal demand (mackerel)
• Some species have processing challenges
  (Arrowtooth flounder)
• Some are underutilized because they are
• co-managed with other stocks
• (Alaska groundfish stocks)

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V. Increase Imports Now gt50 total US
consumption FAO predicts global seafood supply
to increase to 150-160 MMT due to increased
aquaculture, fisheries recoveries and US,
Japanese, Europe population declines
China demand?
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Ensuring sustainable seafood supplies depends
upon integrated fisheries planning
1. Stock recoveries NOAA Strategic Plan 2.
Bycatch reductions Yes 3. Increase processing
yields Yes 4. Use underutilized species
Possible
Capture Fisheries
5. Increase imports? Goes against national
policy
6. Increase aquaculture production?
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(No Transcript)
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Many Examples of Intimate Ties Between
Capture Fisheries Aquaculture
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Fish Relaying
Capture Fish
Culture Fish

• Australia, Mexico, Canada (Nova Scotia)

• Rectangular pens (20 x 50 m) extending from
  surface to bottom in 10 m of water in an
  enclosed bay.
• 10-20 tuna are caught in mackerel traps set
  along the shore (originally these were unwanted
  bycatch!) and transfered to pens, fed with
  mackerel (by hand or divers) for several weeks,
  slaughtered, and shipped to market.

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Economic Upgrading
Low Value Captured Fish
High Value Cultured Fish
Chile, Norway, U.K. (Scotland), Canada (B.C.
N.B.), US (ME WA)

• Salmon pens fed feeds with fish meals
• Chile fish meals (anchovy, Jack mackerel)
• diverted to salmon

US Salmon Fillet Imports (MT) 1996
1999 2000 Chile 12,355 33,306
50,054 Canada 457 5,437 3,882
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Fisheries remove about 8 of global primary
production (24-25 of
production in coastal areas)
Global Industrial Fish Landings
x 103 mt
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High Digestibilities of Marine Fish Proteins
(Jobling, 1993)
Feed Proteins Anchovy fish meal Herring fish
meal Blood meal Meat meal Poultry meal Wheat
meal Soybean meal Alfalfa meal
Digestiblity 85 87 69 75 70 68 75 61
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Capture Fisheries hunting
Planning for Sustainable Fisheries Ecosystems
Must Include Aquaculture
Culture Fisheries aquaculture
Broodstock selection Open aquaculture
production network
Hatchery Fry Nursery
Fingerlings Growout Adults
Broodstock selection
Enhanced Fisheries ranching stock enhancement
Closed aquaculture production network