Fish Physiology Lecture 2 General Comments, Locomotion and Bouyancy

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Fish PhysiologyLecture 2General Comments,
Locomotion and Bouyancy

• Dr. Eric B. May

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Some Perspectives

• A question of adaptation
• Physiological evolution
• Energy Budget
• Physiological Indicators

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A Question of Adaptation

• Internal Axial Support
• Closed Circulatory System
• Brain or Anterior Ganglionic Control
• Separation of Blood Cells (Immune vs. Oxygen
  Carriers)
• Appearance of Immunoglobulins
• Compliment System
• Clotting Cascade

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Physiological Adaptation
Narrow Range Defined by K
Number of Individuals
Broad Range Defined by K
This is The Spot
Dipstick
Dummy
0
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K
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Energy Budgets

• Intake ( I Income)
• Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Fats/Oils
• Proteins
• Micronutrients
• Vitamins
• Essential
• Fatty Acids
• Amino Acids
• Sugars

• Energy Use (E Expenditure)
• Respiration
• Osmoregulation
• Movement
• Feeding
• Digestion
• Reproduction

IF I E Growth 0 I lt E Growth
I gt E Growth
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Impact of BioenergeticsExample Growth of White
Perch
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Impact of BioenergeticsExample Contaminants and
Rainbow Trout
Dioxin Cu
Dioxin (1 ppm)
0 100
Mortality
Cu (.2 ppm)
0
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Time (Hours)
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Physiological Indicators
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SwimingMeet Henry
Im Henry
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Locomotion - Muscles
Hmm
Muscle Fiber Types Red (Slow Oxidative) White
(Fast Glycolytic) Oxidative (Aerobic)
Glycolytic (Anaerobic) Low Power High
Power Fatigue Resistant Fast Fatigue Low
Lactate High Lactate
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PropulsionAxial Support and Caudal Fin
One Frame Back
Wheres the Rest Of Me?
Movement
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External Anatomy - Landmarks
Nuchal Region
This is My Good Side
Caudal Peduncle
Occiput
Front
Back
Operculum
Vent
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External Anatomy - Fins
I Belong in The Movies
Dorsal Fin
Caudal Fin
Anal Fin
Pectoral Fins Paired
Pelvic Fins (Paired)
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External Anatomy FinsModifications
Dorsal Fin (Anterior Lobe)
Leave My Fins Alone
Dorsal Fin (Posterior Lobe)
Typical of Spiny Rayed Fish
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Functions of Fins
Stabilization Bass, Salmon Propulsion - Eels
So Thats What They Do
Propulsion Most Fish Stabilization Sea Horse
Station Keeping Propulsion
Stabilization Most Fish
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Propulsion Overview
See Chapter 1, Figure 1
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Propulsion - Summary
Low Flow
High Flow
Station Holding
Time in Gait
Body Caudal Fin
Swimming Speed
Refer to Chapter 1, Figures 2 and 3
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Behavior and Propulsion

• Life Requirements
• Breathing (Ram vs. Opercular)
• Feeding (Ambush vs. Open Water vs. Filter
• Environment
• Stream Flow
• Salinity (A Density Issue)
• Temperature
• Physiological/Biological
• Buoyancy
• Size

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Buoyancy and Gaits

• Negative Buoyancy
• Advantage Hold to Bottom
• Disadvantage Energy Required to Maintain in
  Water Column and Move

Im Back
Density Pushes Down
Energy to Provide Lift
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Buoyancy and Gaits

• Neutral Buoyancy
• Advantage Hold in Position
• Disadvantage Energy Required to Move Up or Down
  in Water Column

Fun
Weight Not a Problem
Energy to Provide Lift
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Buoyancy and Gaits

• Positive Buoyancy
• Advantage Hold to Surface
• Disadvantage Energy Required to Maintain in
  Water Column and Move (Cant Dive)

Need Weight
Buoyancy Holds Up
Energy to Dive
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Muscles and Gait
Time in Gait
SO FG
SO
MPF
Gait Shift
BCF
Swimming Speed
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Some Other Considerations

• Species Variation
• Muscle
• Mass
• SO vs. FG Distribution
• Skeletal
• Lobed vs. Ray
• Long Fins vs. Short Fins
• Elasmobranchs vs. Teleosts
• Ecomorphology
• Habitat and Life History
• Agility
• Small vs. Large
• Shape

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Buoyancy
Mid
Density 1.0 Kg/L 00C Freshwater 1.26
Kg/L 00C Saltwater Average Fish 1.46 Kg/L
00C Lesson Fish Sink
Mes
Shape Dont Matter Its all Density
Met
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Forces Affecting PositionTransitional States
Density
Where to Go
Thrust
Drag
Buoyancy
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Weight (Density) and Salinity (Density)
Important concept for fish that move into and out
of estuarine and salt water environments during
foraging or for reproduction such as blue fish
and striped bass
Salinity
Body Relative Density
Body Density Remains Constant Lower Salinity
Lower Density Relative Density Increases
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Lift
Pelvics and Pectorals
Pind 4L2/p?wUs2 P Power L Lift s Size of
Hydrofoil U Speed ?w Water Density
Heterocercal Tail
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Volume and Density of Buoyancy Devices
Vb/(Vs Vb) (?s ?w)/(?s ?b)
This Boils Down To The greater the difference
in density between the water and the buoyancy
device the smaller the buoyancy device So How to
Increase the Difference?
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Mechanisms for Decreasing Density of Buoyancy
Device

• Lipid Accumulation
• Squaline (Sharks)
• Glycerols (Teleosts)
• Water Accumulation
• Muscle
• Notochord
• Swim Bladders

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The Swim Bladder

• Catfish and Carp
• Most Teleosts

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Types of Bladders
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Swim Bladder Connections
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Gas Supply to Bladder