Meats, Feeds

1
Meats, Feeds Grains Abigail Cooke
2
Overview

• Meat consumption is growing worldwide
• Pork and chicken consumption increasing worldwide
• Beef consumption declining in developed
  countries, but increasing in developing countries
• Feed and Subsistence Crops compete for land and
  for consumption calories
• Beef, rice, and cassava illustrate important
  trade, development and environment linkages

3
Beef Production
Source Clay (2004)
4
International Beef Trade

• 23 of world production is exported and trade is
  growing
• Major Exporters
• Boneless Australia, US, New Zealand, Ireland
  Canada
• Bone In Germany, France, US, Netherlands,
  Ukraine
• US is a major producer and exporter, but is a net
  importer

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
5
Environmental Consequences

• Increasing pastures on marginal lands leads to
  deforestation, desertification and biodiversity
  loss
• Rapid expansion of feedlot production
• Increases consumption of cereal harvest (33 of
  cereals consumed by animals)
• Increases air and water pollution in surrounding
  areas
• Increases risk of disease outbreaks in herds and
  humans
• Concentration of processing (slaughter,
  meatpacking and tanning)
• Large amounts of organic waste
• Chemical waste

Source Clay (2004)
6
Rice Production

• About 11 of the worlds cultivated land grows
  rice
• Major Producers
• India (44.8 million hectares), China (30.3
  million hectares), Indonesia, Bangladesh,
  Vietnam, Thailand
• Green revolution technologies greatly increased
  productivity of irrigated paddies in the 1970s
• 55 of the worlds production area is irrigated,
  but this produces 75 of the worlds rice

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
7
Rice Consumption

• Over 90 of the worlds rice is grown and
  consumed in Asia
• 50 of the total calories consumed in Asia come
  from rice 25 of total calories in the world
  come from rice

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
8
International Rice Trade

• Small compared to local consumption
• 4 of world production is exported
• Largest Exporters
• Thailand, Vietnam, China, USA, Pakistan, India
• Market dominated by large mills and international
  companies
• Vertical integration
• Oriented for urban consumption and export markets
• Overall export amount increased, but value
  decreased 1961-2000

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
9
Environmental Impacts of Rice

• Highest negative impact associated with Green
  Revolution production
• Salinization, pesticide and herbicide overuse,
  lowering biodiversity and increasing crop
  vulnerability
• Extensification and conversion of land for rice
  paddies limits future land use (likely to grow
  with increasing population size)
• Large knowledge base indicates existence of
  environmentally friendly, cost effective, small
  farmer-friendly production processes

Source Clay (2004)
10
Cassava

• Important source of calories for many people in
  the developing world
• Miracle crop
• Drought- and pest-resistant and poor-soil
  tolerant
• Negative effects
• Potential to degradation soil through erosion
• Can cause thyroid problems
• Producers Nigeria, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia,
  Dem. Republic of Congo
• 9 of world production is exported

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
11
Cassava -Thailand and the EC
12
Papers

• Damaged Environments and Lives The Bitter
  Harvest of Rice Policies in The Gambia
• Judith Carney, UCLA
• Feeding Europe, Deforesting Thailand
• Sara Curran and Abigail Cooke, Princeton
  University
• Globalization of Unsustainable Food-Consumption
  Trade Policies, Producer Lobbies and Beef
  Consumption in North East Asia
• Sjur Kasa, University of Oslo

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
13
Sources

• Jason Clay. World Agriculture and the
  Environment. Washington Island Press 2004.
• FAOStat Data, 2004.

14
World Meat Consumption
Source FAO (2005)
15
Beef Consumption

• World consumption is rising
• Developed nations stable or declining dates
• Developing nations driving world increases
• Population growth, urbanization, lower real
  prices, income growth

Source FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
16
Social Considerations

• Health considerations
• Heart disease and cancer
• Antibiotic resistant bacteria for humans too
• Growth hormones
• Disease outbreaks

Source Clay (2004)
17
Social Considerations of Rice

• External trade conditions and local politics work
  to keep rice prices very low
• Large multinational trading companies can operate
  on small margins and still make large profits
• Local states and urban centers in developing
  countries structure markets to depress rice
  prices
• Consequently, small rice farmers face adverse
  economic situations in good and bad economic
  times
• Environmentally friendly practices would help
  small farmers survive

Source Clay (2004)