A Guide to English-Speaking Countries

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A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
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Chapter 6 Literature
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
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CONTENT
I
The Postmodern Period (1945- )
VII
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The Old English Period and Middle English Period
(450-1500)
I
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1.1 General Knowledge

• In practice, works of literature fall into four
  categories or genres
• narrative fiction
• drama
• poetry
• non-fiction prose

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1.1 General Knowledge

• The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read
  most often are short stories and novels.
• Myths (??), parables (??), romances (??), and
  epics (??) are also part of the genre.

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1.2 The Old English Period

• Old English the epic Beowulf
• A folk legend brought to England by the
  Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.

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1.3 The Middle English Period

• With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered
  the Middle Ages (1066-1485).
• Middle English The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
  Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)

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The Renaissance (1500-1660)
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2.1 General Knowledge

• Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the
  Greek and Latin classic works.
• sonnet (????)
• drama
• The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce
  (???) .

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Shakespeares Birthplace
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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• English playwright William Shakespeare was
  born in that house on Henley Street in
  Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564. Shakespeares
  father, John, purchased the building in two
  stages, in 1556 and 1572. Today, Shakespeares
  birthplace is a museum, furnished as it might
  have been in Shakespeares time. It also houses
  an exhibit on Shakespeares life.

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
The Globe Theatre, where dramatist William
Shakespeare saw his plays performed 400 years
ago, has been rebuilt near its original location
on the south bank of the Thames River in London,
England.
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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Comedy
• A Midsummer Nights Dream (1595)
• The Merchant of Venice (1598)
• As You Like It (1599)
• Twelfth Night (1601)

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Historical plays
• Richard III (1591)
• Henry IV (1597)
• Antony and Cleopatra (1606)

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Tragedies
• Hamlet (1601)
• Othello (1604)
• King Lear (1605)
• Macbeth (1606)
• Romeo and Juliet (1595)

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Jaques
• All the world's a stage,And all the men and
  women merely playersThey have their exits and
  their entrances,And one man in his time plays
  many parts,His acts being seven ages.
• As You Like It (Act 2, scene 7,
  139143)

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)
• To be, or not to be that is the question
• Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
• The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
• Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
• And by opposing end them?

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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Q. Which play is regarded as a milestone in
Shakespeares dramatic development?
A Hamlet.
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2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Q. What makes Shakespeare so famous?

A His great understanding of human nature and
his ability to find universal human
qualities and to put them in dramatic
situations.
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Hamlet
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Othello
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King Lear
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Macbeth
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MERCHANT VENICE
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The Neo-classical Period (1660-1785)
III
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3.1 Historical Background

• The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois
  Revolution and the Restoration.
• The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful
  development period. (The Industrial Revolution)

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3.1 Historical Background

• Classicism prevailed for the most part of the
  century with Alexander Pope as its
  representative.
• Satire (????), making fun of people, came to full
  growth in this century.
• Alexander Pope
• Jonathan Swift
• Daniel Defoe

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3.2 Representatives
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3.2.1 John Milton

• John Milton (1608-1674)
• Paradise Lost (1667)
• Paradise Regained (1671)
• Samson Agonistes (1671)

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3.2.2 Alexander Pope

• Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
• An Essay on Criticism (1711)
• The Rape of the Lock (1712-1714)
• translated Homers Iliad and part of Odyssey
• the first English poet who could lived off the
  sales of his works

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3.2.3 Jonathan Swift

• Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
• Gullivers Travels (1726)an unparalleled
  satirical depiction of vice, folly and mere
  weakness of mankind.
• Yahooa creature representing the human race, is
  inferior to and governed by a noble breed of
  reasoning and high-minded horses.

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3.2.4 Daniel Defoe

• Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731)
• Robinson Crusoe (1719)

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The Romantic Period (1785-1830)
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4.1 Pioneers of Romantic Poets

• Pioneers
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
• I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
• The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
• Declaration of Independence of romantic
  poetryLyrical Ballads (1798)
• a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and
  Coleridge

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4.2 The Major Second Generation of Romantic
Poets
Q. Who are the major second generation of
Romantic poets?

• A The major second generation of Romantic
  poets
• included Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe
  Shelley, John
• Keats.

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4.2 The Major Second Generation of Romantic
Poets

• George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), known as Lord
  Byron
• Child Harolds Pilgrimage (1812, 1816, 1818)
• Don Juan (1818-1823)

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4.2 The Major Second Generation of Romantic
Poets

• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
• long poemThe Revolt of Islam (1818)
• political lyricThe Masque of Anarchy (1819)
• essayA Defense of Poetry (1821)
• lyrical dramaPrometheus Unbound (1819)
• short poems Ode to the West Wind (1819) and
  Ode to a Skylark (1820)

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The Victorian Period (1832-1901)
V
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5.1 Critical Realism
Q. Whats the characteristic of the Critical
Realism novels?

• A The critical realists described the chief
  traits of
• the society and criticized the capitalist
  system
• from a democratic viewpoint.

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5.2 Representatives
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5.2.1 Charles Dickens

• Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
• a fierce critic of the poverty and social
  stratification of Victorian England

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5.2.1 Charles Dickens

• The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)brought him
  immediate fame
• Great Expectations (1860-1861)
• Oliver Twist (1837)
• A Tale of Two Cities (1859)
• David Copperfield (1849-1850)

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5.2.1 Charles Dickens
Q. Whats the writing style of Charles Dickens?

• A In his enormous body of works, Dickens
  combined
• masterly storytelling, humor, pathos (??),
  and
• irony with sharp social criticism and acute
  
• observation of people and places, both real
  and
• imagined. His works had great social
  relevance,
• psychological insight, and narrative and
  symbolic
• complexity.

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5.2.1 Charles Dickens
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5.2.2 Jane Austen

• Jane Austen (17751817)
• Sense and Sensibility (1811)
• Pride and Prejudice (1813)
• Mansfield Park (1814)
• Emma (1816)

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5.2.3 Bronte Sisters

• Bronte sisters
• Charlotte (1816-1855)
• Jane Eyre (1847)
• Emily (1818-1848)
• Wuthering Heights (1847)
• Anne (1820-1849)

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5.2.4 George Eliot

• George Eliot (1819-1880)philosophical writer
• Adam Bede (1859)
• The Mill on the Floss (1860)
• Silas Marner (1861)
• Middlemarch (1871-1872)

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5.2.5 Thomas Hardy

• Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
• The Return of the Native (1878)
• The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
• Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891)
• Jude the Obscure (1895)

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The Modern Period (1914-1945)
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6.1 Fiction

• Fiction
• Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
• Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
• James Joyce (1882-1941)
• D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)

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6.1 Fiction

• Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
• The Heart of Darkness (1902)

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6.1 Fiction

• Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)a central figure of
• the Bloomsbury Group
• Mrs. Dalloway (1925)
• To The Lighthouse (1927)
• Orlando (1928)
• A Room of Ones Own (1929)

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6.1 Fiction
Q. What is Stream of Consciousness?

• A Stream of consciousness makes it first
  appearance
• in the late 19th century. It is a kind of
  literary
• technique which depicts the characters
  mental and
• emotional reactions in an unpunctuated or
• disjointed form.

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6.1 Fiction

• James Joyce (1882-1941)
• Ulysses (1922)
• Finnegans Wake (1939)

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6.1 Fiction

• D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
• Sons and Lovers (1913)
• Rainbow (1915)
• Lady Chatterleys Lover (1928)

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6.2 Poetry

• Poetry
• William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
• Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)

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6.2 Poetry

• William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)won the Nobel
  Prize for Literature in 1923
• The Wild Swans at Coole
• Michael Robartes and the Dancer
• The Tower

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6.2 Poetry

• Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)
• The Waste Land (1922)
• Four Quartets (1935-1942)

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6.3 Drama

• Drama
• George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
• Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant (1898)
• Widowers Houses (1892)
• Mrs. Warrens Profession (1893)
• Arms and the Man (1894)
• Pygmalion (1913)
• Saint Joan (1924)

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The Postmodern Period (1945- )
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7.1 Fiction
Q. Whats the distinction between Modernism and
Postmodernism?

• A 1) Modernism tends to present a fragmented
• view of human subjectivity (??), but
  presents
• that fragmentation as something tragic,
  
• something to be lamented as a loss.
  While
• Postmodernism doesnt lament the idea
  of
• fragmentation but rather celebrates it.

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7.1 Fiction

• 2) Modernists look for buried meaning below
  confusing surfaces, while Postmodernists abandon
  that search.

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7.1 Fiction

• George Orwell (1903-1950)
• Nineteen Eighty Four (1948)

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7.2 Drama

• Samuel Beckett (1906-1989)
• Waiting for Godot (1952)
• Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969
  "for his writing, whichin new forms for the
  novel and dramain the destitution of modern man
  acquires its elevation".

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7.2 Drama

• Mr. Godot told me to tell you he won't come this
  evening but surely tomorrow.

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7.2 Drama

• ESTRAGON
• No, nothing is certain.
• Vladimir slowly crosses the stage and sits down
  beside stragon.
• VLADIMIR
• We can still part, if you think it would be
  better.
• ESTRAGON
• It's not worthwhile now.
• (Silence)

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7.2 Drama

• VLADIMIR
• No, it's not worthwhile now.
• (Silence)
• ESTRAGON
• Well, shall we go?
• VLADIMIR
• Yes, let's go.
• They do not move.

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Thank You !
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