Assigned Reading

1
Assigned Reading Listening

• Verve web site
• http//www.vervemusicgroup.com/history.aspx?hid8

2
Selected Jazz Style Periods

• New Orleans style or Dixieland
• Swing
• Bebop
• Cool
• Bossa Nova (Brazilian)
• Fusion (mixture of jazz rock)
• Smooth Jazz ?

3
Jazz defined in its broadest terms

• IMPROVISATION

4
Jazz Music

• Form Theme Variations
• Syncopated rhythm
• A steady beat
• Distinctive tone colors and performance techniques

5
Late 19th Century New Orleans

• Culturally diverse city
• Storyville
• Legalized gambling and prostitution
• Naval port

6
Jazz was strongly influenced by

• Local bands
• Ragtime (1890 - 1915)
• Ragged rhythm
• The Blues

7
Scott Joplin King of Ragtime

• Prolific composer
• First African-American composer to win
  international fame

8
Scott Joplin1868 - 1917
9
The BluesA Form, Sound, Spirit

• Vocal style from African-American folk music
• Lyrics were intensely personal

10
Blues Form12-Bar Blues

• I I I I
• IV IV I I
• V V I I

11
Billie HolidayLady Day1915 - 1959

• One of the leading female jazz singers of all
  time
  
• She broke racial barriers by performing live with
  white bands

12
Billie HolidayGod Bless the Child
13
Louis ArmstrongUnquestionably the most important
single force in the development of early jazz
styles.
14
Louis Armstrong1901 - 1971
15
The Swing Era

• Steady rhythm
• Syncopation
• Large bands
• Dance music

16

• Large bands (usually 15-20 players)

• Saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and rhythm
  section

17
The Saxophone

• Saxophone began to compete with the trumpet as
  the lead instrument in jazz
  
• Allows for faster changes of notes than the
  trumpet

18
Big Bands Hot vs. Sweet

• Hot style hard driving rhythms and solo
  improvisations. Bands like
  
• Duke Ellington Count Basie Fletcher Henderson
  Benny Goodman
  
• Sweet style appealed to pop culture, many solos
  were composed. Bands like
  
• Glenn Miller Tommy Dorsey Harry James
  Guy Lombardo

19
Benny Goodman - clarinetKing of Swing

• His band heard on a National weekly radio show
• Performed jazz classical
• First white bandleader to adopt an uncompromising
  jazz style
  
• First to break the color barrier featuring black
  musicians
  

20
Benny Goodman1909 - 1986
21
Duke Ellington1899 - 1974

• The most important and influential composer in
  the history of jazz
  
• First to take full advantage of the rich palette
  of colors available with the jazz orchestra
  

22
New Jazz styles emerged after 1940are referred
to as

• Modern Jazz

23
Bebop

• Developed from Swing during World War II
• Contrasts Swing - nondanceable
• Never appealed to pop culture
• Lengthy virtuosic solo improvisations

24
Characteristics of Bebop

• Small combos
• Fast tempos
• Clarinet and rhythm guitar were rare
• Instrumental virtuosity
• Complex melodies and harmonies
• Piano comping replaced stride-style

25
Charlie Yardbird ParkerBird

• Greatest genius of bebop
• Unprecedented mastery of the alto saxophone

26
Charlie Bird Parker1920 - 1955
27
Dizzy Gillespie1917 - 1993

• Trumpet virtuoso
• Influential composer
• Introduced Afro-Cuban
• rhythms

28
Variants of Bebop

• Hard Bop
• Cool
• Funky Jazz
• Mainstream
• Post Bop
• Soul Jazz

29
John Coltrane1926 - 1967

• Saxophonist/composer/bandleader
• Most influential saxophonist in the second fifty
  years of jazz history
  
• Picked up where Charlie Parker left off
• Mostly Cool, Hard Bop, and Free Jazz styles

30
Album Giant Steps
31
A young Miles Davis
32
Cool Jazz

• Since 1950
• calmer and more relaxed than Bebop
• Songs tend to be longer
• Relied on arrangements

33
Birth of the Cool album
34
Leaders of Cool Jazz

• Miles Davis - trumpet
• Dave Brubeck - piano
• Lester Young - tenor sax
• Stan Getz - tenor sax
• Lennie Tristano - piano

35
Miles Davis1926 - 1991

• Picasso of Jazz

36
Kind of BlueOne of the greatest jazz albums of
all time
37
Dave Brubeck1920 - still living

• Composer/pianist/bandleader
• Favored polyphonic textures and imitation
• Helped to reawaken public interest in jazz after
  World War II

38
Time Magazine The birth of a new kind of jazz
age in the U.S.
39
The Dave Brubeck QuartetNew Yorker Magazine

• The worlds best-paid, most widely traveled,
  most highly publicized, and most popular small
  jazz group.

40
Bossa Nova

• Translates to new beat
• Elements of Brazilian samba rhythm slowed down
• Harmonic components of cool

41
Early Contributors to Bossa Nova

• Antonio Carlos Jobim
• Joao Astrud Gilberto
• Charlie Byrd

42
Fusion (or Jazz Rock)

• Rock replaced jazz as the music of choice by the
  younger generation
  
• Use of electric instruments, including the
  synthesizer

43
Miles Davis
44
Album Bitches BrewBecame the best selling
jazz album
45
Weather Report Most popular Fusion group
46
Wynton Marsalis1961 - still living

• Artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center
• Distinguished classical musician

47
Wynton Marsalis
48
Prestigious recognition include

• Nine Grammy awards
• First and only artist to win both classical and
  jazz Grammy Awards in one year in 1983 84!

49
Smooththe jazz (?) debate continues

• A pop song oriented audience
• Smooth - relies on rhythms and grooves instead of
  improvisation
  
• the overall sound matters more than the
  individual parts

50
Kenny G
51
Origins of Smooth

• Originally to replace Easy Listening
• Originally instrumental based
• Unobtrusive
• Necessary to meet the corporate goal

52
Sade
53
San Diego FM Jazz radio

• Jazz 88 - plays all style periods (except
  Smooth), and some Big Band Pop (vocals by
  Sinatra, Ella, etc.)
  
• Appeals to jazz enthusiasts
• Jazz 98 - only plays a mix of Smooth and Adult
  Contemporary Pop (vocals by Michael Bolton, Nora
  Jones, Sade, etc)
  
• Pop oriented audience

54
Pioneers of Smooth

• Herb Albert the Tijuana Brass
• Chuck Mangione
• Michael Franks
• George Benson
• Spyro Gyra

55
African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites - Young
and old, female and male make up the Smooth jazz
audience
56
10 Point Extra CreditListen to Jazz 88 and 98
each for at least 30 minutes of music broadcast.
Give me a one-page paper, double-spaced.
Observations/comparisons, and your argument
whether Smooth is jazz or not.