Organizing Life

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Organizing Life

• Chapter 17

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• Classification is the grouping of objects or
  information based on similarities.

• Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with
  the grouping and naming of organism.
• Biologist who study taxonomy are called
  taxonomist.

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How Classification Began

• Aristotles System
• 384-322 B.C.
• Classified into 2 major groups
• Plants were classified as herbs, shrubs, or trees
  depending on size
• Animals were grouped according to where they
  lived.

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• Carolus Linnaeus
• Born Carl von Linne
• 1707-1778
• Swedish Botanist
• Selected physical characteristic that led to a
  hierarchical classification based on
  relationships of organisms.

• Also invented the 2 word naming system -
  Binomial Nomenclature.
• Usually written in Latin

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Genus
• First word
• Consist of a groups of closely related species.

• Specific epithet
• Second word
• Describes the organism.

• Betta splendens
• Betta splendens

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How are Living Things Are Classified

• Domains
• Broadest level
• Based on rRNA genes

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

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How are Living Things Are Classified

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

• Kingdoms
• Largest Group
• Six at last count

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Hierarchy__________________
Lynx

• Animalia
• Chordata
• Mammalia
• Carnivora
• Felidae
• Lynx
• Lynx canadensis

• Kings
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• For
• Grape
• Soda

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Systematics uses a range of kinds of
observations to deduce evolutionary relationships
founded on the assumed unity of life and its
simultaneous diversity.
Although Linnaean system is good and still used,
technology has enabled additional observations
unknown to Linnaeus. Thus, the science of
taxonomy has adjusted in order to accommodate the
new observations.

• Phylogenetics
• Analysis of the evolutionary or ancestral
  relationships using a particular trait or gene
  sequence.

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• Kinds of evidenced used to compare groups
• Fossil
• DNA or RNA
• Embryonic development
• Structures
• Amino Acids sequences

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Cladistics

• Based upon
• A shared character
• All members of the group have
• A derived character
• A feature that evolved only within the groups

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Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic Cells a cell that does not have
  membrane bound organelles.
• Found in extreme environments.

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Eubacteria

• Prokaryotic
• Heterotrophs live off other organisms.
• Photosynthetic Obtain energy from light.
• Chemosynthetic Obtain energy from the breakdown
  of organic substances.

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Protista

• Eukaryotic Cells that have membrane bound
  organelles.
• Unicellular or Multicellular
• Plant-like, Animal-like or Funguslike

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Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular or Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Saprobes live off dead, decaying material

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Plantae

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic/Photosynthetic
• Contain chlorophyll

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Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic