Design of Visual Displays for Driving Simulator Research

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Design of Visual Displays for Driving Simulator
Research

• G. John Andersen
• Department of Psychology
• University of California, Riverside

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Vision Issues in Driving Simulators

• Driving tasks require accurate perception of
  depth and distance in the 3D scene
• What sources of information are critical
• Integration of sources
• Conflict between sources
• Visual Display
• Display characteristics (Aliasing, Flicker,
  Update,Refresh, Resolution)

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Failure to Consider these issues in Driving
Simulators

• Poor task performance
• Low external validity of results
• Poor transfer of training
• Increased risk of simulator sickness

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Driving tasks and Perception of Depth and Distance
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Motion parallax
Occlusion
Cast Shadows
, 96
Size constancy
Disparity
Depth Contrast
Convergence
Aerial
1
10
100
Depth (meters)
Cutting, 1996
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Viewer-centered Information Accommodation Linear
Perspective Disparity Motion Parallax Linear
Perspective Relative Size Motion
Parallax Texture (perspective) Specular Highlights
Object-centered Information Surrounding
Frame Compression Gradient Structure from
Motion Compression Gradient Structure from
Motion Texture (non-perspective) Shading
Overall scene depth Layout of
Objects Properties of Objects
Andersen, Braunstein, Saidpour, 1998
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Driving Tasks and Perception

• Multiple sources of information available for
  driving tasks
• What information is critical for what tasks
• Multiple sources for a specific task
• Different tasks require different information
  sources
• Use of multiple sources
• Cue interactions
• Cue conflicts

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Multiple sources for a specific task Collision
Detection

• Model based on analysis of visual information
  available to driver (Andersen Sauer, 2004)
• Use of 5 parameters
• t (motion parallax optic flow)
• dt/dt (motion parallax optic flow)
• a
• da/dt
• ds (texture gradients, disparity, relative size)

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t specifies the time to contact during constant
velocity collisions
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a a is the bearing of an object relative to a
reference
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Vehicle Motion
No
F/S
V/S
F/C
V/C
No
F/S
Object Motion
V/S
F/C
V/C
F Fixed Speed V Variable Speed S Straight
Path C Curved Path
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Select Object
Derive a, d?/dt (angular direction)
Is a0? Or d?/dt?0?(constant angular direction)
Yes
No
Derive t
Is tgt0? (expansion)?
Derive dt/dt
Derive dv-ds
Yes
Is dt/dt 0? (Constant expansion)
Is dv-ds 0? (Constant expansion)
Yes
Collision Object
No
No
Is dt/dt gt-0.5?
Is dv-ds gt0?
Yes
No
Non-collision Object
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Different tasks and different sources of
information

• Two tasks with different sources of information
• - Collision Detection (constant speeds and linear
  trajectories) Optical Expansion (TTC) and a
• Vehicle Speed Edge Rate
• Question Does information from one task affect
  use of information for second task

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Experiment

• Issue Does information for one task affect use
  of information for a different task
• Task collision detection
• Independent Variables
• Collision or non-collision object
• Time to contact (TTC)
• Different combinations of vehicle speed and
  object speed
• Dependent variable
• Sensitivity (d)

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• Simulators depict a 3D world
• Perception of 3D scene includes
• Texture gradients
• Motion parallax
• Occlusion
• -other information sources

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Visual system also has cues for perceiving the
distance to the display
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3 Information sources for depth and distance of
Display - Binocular Disparity - Eye convergence -
Accommodation
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Motion parallax
Occlusion
Cast Shadows
, 96
Size constancy
Disparity
Depth Contrast
Convergence
Accommodation
Aerial
1
10
100
Depth (meters)
Cutting, 1996
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Visual Cue Conflicts between display cues and 3D
scene cues
Visual Cue conflict - Disparity, convergence and
accommodation information specify display is
flat - Motion parallax, texture gradients, and
other cues specify scene is 3D
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Human Factors Solutions to these Issues

• Determine perceptual information needed for
  driving tasks of interest
• Design displays to optimize performance of tasks
• Consider interactions of different information
  sources
• Minimize cue conflicts
• Design for optimal performance not for high
  fidelity
• Question need of high fidelity rendered scenes,
  control dynamics and fixed/variable base
  simulator