Genes Control '''

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DNA
Genes Control ...
Development
Physiology
Behavior
Infectious Disease
Inherited Disease
Technology
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Drosophila melanogaster
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WHY FLIES 1) Great Genetics 2) Short life
span 3) Small Size 4) Small (sequenced!) Genome
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Great Genetics!!!
Biochemical Function
Protein
Function
Gene
Phenotype
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Red-Eyed and White-Eyed Fruit Flies
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Eye Color Production in Drosophila
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yellow
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ebony
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vestigial
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eyeless
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Curly
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Drosophilas Contributions to Genetic Research

• 1910 First mutation white eyes (T. H. Morgan)
• 1913 First genetic map showing genes arranged in
  a linear order (A. H. Sturtevant)
• 1916 Proof that genes are located on chromosomes
  (C. B. Bridges)
• 1927 X-rays cause mutations and chromosomal
  rearrangements (H. J. Muller)
• 1934 First physical mapping of a mutation (T.S.
  Painter)
• 1975 First physical mapping of a gene (D. S.
  Hogness)
• 1980 First comprehensive analysis of mutants that
  affect animal development
• (C. Nusslein-Volhard, E. Wieschaus, E. Lewis)

Nobel Prizes
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Drosophila Life Cycle
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Homeotic Mutations The conversion of one body
part into another
Haltere to wing transformation
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Developmental Genetics!
Antennae
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Cell Proliferation Control During Animal
Development and its Relation to Cancer
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Cancer develops through gradual changes in cell
morphology and properties
Normal
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Malignant carcinoma
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The Cell Cycle
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Progress Through The Cell Cycle is Regulated
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Cyclin Dependent Kinases (cdk) Control Progress
Through The Cell Cycle
cyclin B/cdk1 cyclin A/cdk1
cyclin D/cdk4
cyclin A/cdk2
cyclin E/cdk2
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Gene Expression Regulates Cyclin Dependent Kinase
Activity During the Cell Cycle (and vice versa) .
cyclin B/cdk1 cyclin A/cdk1
cyclin D/cdk4
cyclin A/cdk2
cyclin E/cdk2
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Do Flies Get Cancer?
YES! (Sort of)
St Johnston, Nat Rev Gen 3176 (2002)
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Flies are like little humans with wings
http//superfly.ucsd.edu/homophila/
Genes involved in 74 of human diseases,
including cancer, can be found in Drosophila
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The Cell Cycle What About Development?
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Drosophila Embryonic Cell Cycles
M
S
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Early Drosophila development occurs in a
syncytium
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Nuclear Division Cycles
t 15 min t 60 min t 120
min
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GFP Labeled Chromosomes
gas permeable membrane
cover slip
Courtesy of Rob Saint, University of Adelaide,
Australia
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Mitosis in an Early Fruit Fly Embryo