Bones A102

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Bones A102

• Kristie Osterhoudt
• Home 522-9083
• Cell 337-6216

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OBJECTIVES

• Identify learn to palpate bony landmarks
• Know cellular components and anatomy of bones
• Identify soft tissue structures
• Recognize synovial joints

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SYLLABUS

• Please see hand out
• Each week is only a Guess
• Reading material from Trail Guide
• Final will include reading pertaining to massage
  indications and contraindications

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TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE

• Coloring 10
• Palpation 30
• Quizzes 60
• Final Exam 100
• TOTAL 200

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WEEKLY QUIZES

• 5 Multiple choice
• 4 Name that landmark
• From Lecture, To know list, and trail guide

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PALPATION

• Palpation hours are due 24 hours before the
  final!
• Hours and points are added up prior to the final.
  NO EXCEPTIONS!

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FINAL EXAM

• 50 of the grade
• Must pass with a 70 grade
• Must pass this class in order to advance in
  program
• May retake with a 10 penalty

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Histology of Osseous Tissue

• Four primary cell
• Osteoprogenitor or osteogenic
• Osteoblast
• Osteocyte
• Osteoclast

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Bone Type Formation

• Compact or Dense
• Resists weight, supports gives strength
• Contains yellow bone marrow
• Cancellous or Spongy
• Contains Red Bone Marrow RBCs
• HEMO/HEMATOPOEISIS

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Functions of Skeletal System

• Supports
• Protect internal structures
• Produce red blood cells
• Store calcium minerals
• Provides muscle attach./leverage
• Stores energy

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Anatomy of Bones

• Epiphysis
• Epiphyseal plate/ line
• Diaphysis
• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum
• Medullary Cavity

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Remodeling

• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Forms adult bones
• Bones go where a muscle pulls it

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LANDMARK CHARTS
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Axial Skeleton

• SKULL Cranial bones
• Occipital
• Temporal (2)
• Frontal
• Parietal (2)
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid

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FACIAL

• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Zygomatic
• Palatine
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid

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Paranasal Sinuses

• Produce mucus, resonant chamber, filters traps
  bacteria
• ETHMOID
• FRONTAL
• SPHENOID
• MAXILLA

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Hyoid Bone

• Lacks bony articulation
• Suspended by ligaments and muscles
• Between larynx and mandible

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Vertebral Column

• FOUR CURVES
• 2 ANTERIOR
• 2 POSTERIOR
• Functions
• ABSORB SHOCK, PROVIDES MOVEMENT

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Vertebrae

• Cervical - 7
• Thoracic - 12
• Lumbar - 5
• Sacrum -1
• Coccyx -1

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Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc

• Annulus fibrosa outside
• Nucleus pulposa inside

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VERTEBRA

• Body
• Vertebral foramen (neural canal)
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Lamina
• Pedicle

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VERTEBRA CONT.

• Vertebral facet, 2 surfaces (zygophophyseal
  joint) Z jt. Superior and Inferior articular
  surfaces.
• Intervertebral foramen, spinal nerves exit Lat.

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Cervical Vertebrae

• C1 or Atlas, condyles articulate with occiput
• Forms the OA joint
• Atlas has no Spinous Process or Body 23 Spinous
  Processes

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Cervical Vertebrae cont.

• C2 or Axis, permits rotation from pivot joint
  formed by Dens or Odontoid process
• Forms AA joint
• Anterior and Posterior tubercles on cervical only

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SACRUM

• Medial sacral crest
• Continuation of spinous process
• Lateral sacral crest
• Continuation of transverse process

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Sternum

• Manubrium superior
• Sternal or Jugular notch (suprasternal)
• Body
• Xiphoid process

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Ribs

• Costal cartilage Hyaline
• Ribs 1-7 True ribs
• Ribs 8-10 False ribs
• Ribs 11-12 Floating ribs

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Vertebral/Rib Joints

• Costotransverse Jt Rib and transverse process
• Rib Facet or costovertebral Jt Rib and body of
  vertebra

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle
• Consists of Scapula Humerus
• Clavicle

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CLAVICLE

• medial aspect rounded
• Lateral flat broad
• Elevates and rotates w/movmt
• A/C Acromioclavicular joint
• S/C Sternoclavicular joint

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SCAPULA CONT.

• Medial or vertebral border
• Lateral or axillary border
• Inferior angle
• Superior angle

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Scapula fossae

• POSTERIOR
• Supraspinous
• Infraspinous
• ANTERIOR
• Subscapular
• LATERAL
• Glenoid fossa or cavity

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Scapula

• Spine
• Acromion process
• Infraglenoid tubercle
• Coracoid process

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Upper Extremity

• HUMERUS
• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Bicipital groove or intertubercular groove or
  sulcus
• Deltoid tuberosity

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Humerus cont.

• Capitulum, articulates with radial head
• Trochlea, articulates with olecranon
• Medial condyle ulnar nerve
• Lateral condyle
• Supracond. Ridge med/lat

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HUMERUS CONT.

• DISTAL FOSSAE
• Olecranon fossa posterior
• Coronoid fossa anterior

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Ulna

• Olecranon process (elbow)
• Coronoid process
• Trochlear or semilunar notch
• Radial notch (Radial head)
• Ulnar head, no carpal artic.
• Ulnar tuberosity
• Styloid process

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Radius

• Moves during supination
• Head, articulates with capitulum and radial notch
• Radial tuberosity
• Styloid process (larger than ulna)

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Wrist and Hand

• Carpals 8 small bones
• Two rows lateral to medial
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform

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Carpal bones cont.

• Lateral to medial
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Capitate
• Hamate, anterior hook

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Hand

• Metacarpals (5) forms Carpometacarpal joint
• Base
• Shaft
• Distal Head
• Forms MEacarpophalangeal joint (MP) or knuckles

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Hand cont.

• Phalanges 3 on ea. finger
• Contain base, shaft and head
• Pollux or Thumb contain 2
• Proximal interphalangeal Jt. PIP
• Distal Interphalan. Jt. DIP

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Pelvis

• Forms Sacroiliac joint
• Two coxal bones (os coxae)
• Pubic symphysis contains fibrocartilagenous disc
  anteriorly

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ACETABULUM

• Composed of three bones that fuse as newborn
• Forms ball and socket joint
• Articulates with femur

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ILIUM

• Largest pelvic bone, Superior
• Anterior superior iliac spine ASIS
• Anterior inferior iliac spine AIIS
• Iliac crest
• Posterior superior iliac spine PSIS

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Ilium Cont

• Posterior inferior iliac spine PIIS
• Greater sciatic notch

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Ischium

• Inferior Posterior
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity (2)
• Ischial ramus-Posterior

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Pubis

• Anterior and Inferior
• Connects pubic symphysis
• Sup/Horizontal pubic crest
• Anterior pubic tubercles (little horns)

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Pubis Cont.

• Superior pubic ramus
• Inferior pubic ramus

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Lower Extremity

• Femur largest leg bone
• Head,
• Neck attaches head to shaft

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Femur Cont.

• Greater trochanter (lateral)
• Lesser trochanter (med/post)
• Intertrochanteric crest

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Femur cont.

• Gluteal tubercle
• Linea aspera posterior ridge
• Med. Lat. Lip of Linea Aspera
• Medial and Lateral Suprcondylar line

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Femur cont.

• Medial and Lateral condyles
• Articulate with tibial condyles
• Adductor tubercle

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PATELLA

• Sesamoid bone for leverage
• Patella develops within the quadricep or
  patellar tendon
• Attaches to the tibial tuberosity

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Tibia

• Tibial tuberosity or tubercle
• Patellar tendon (ligament) insertion
• Med/Lat condyles articulate with med/lat condyles
  of femur
• Medial malleolus articulates with talus

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Fibula

• Parallel lateral to tibia
• Interosseus membrane between fibula and tibia
• Head articulates with inferior/lateral surface
  of tibial condyle
• Lateral malleolus, distal articulates with talus

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Ankle

• Talocrural true ankle
• Articulations Tibia, fibula and talus

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Foot

• Similar to foot
• Tarsals (7)
• Talus superior tarsal bone
• Calcaneus or heel largest and strongest

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Foot cont.

• Metatarsals (5)
• Numbered 1-5 medial to lateral
• Phalanges, same as hand 3 phalanges each
• Hallux or big toe 2 phalanges

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Arches of the Foot

• Function absorbs shock
• distributes weight
• provides leverage

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Longitudinal arch

• Has two portions
• Medial lateral portions runs anterior/
  posterior
• Calcaneous to metatarsal heads

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Transverse arch

• Runs medial/lateral
• Along 5 metatarsal bases

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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

• Fibrous
• Cartilagenous
• Synovial
• Joint classified by function, movement or
  structures

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Synovial Joint

• Contains Joint cavity joint capsule
• Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
• lubricates joint and provides nourishment for
  articular cartilage

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Types of Synovial Joints (6)

• Gliding Carpals, Z jt.
• Hinge Knee/elbow
• Pivot Radius/ulna, atlas/axis
• Ellipsoidal Radius/carpals

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Synovial Joints Cont.
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Joint Movement Limitations

• Bone shapes size
• Tendon/ligament tension
• Muscle size and arrangement (mass)
• Opposition of soft tissues

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Extra articular structures

• Bursa Sac made from synovial membrane
• Filled with synovial fluid
• reduces friction
• Located between bones, skin, tendons and ligaments

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Soft tissue structures

• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone