Art Throughout European History

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Art Throughout European History
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Early Renaissance(1400)(The time of the Holy
Roman Empire, de Medici rules Florence and
Columbus reaches the Americas)

• Media- the printing press, oil paints and
  pastels
  
• Major Artists- Botticelli, da Vinci, Piero, Lippi

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BotticelliItalian, early Renaissance painter
whose Birth of Venus (c. 1485) and La Primavera
(1477-78) are often said to epitomize for modern
viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. He worked
in all the major churches of Florence and in the
Sistine Chapel in Rome.
merous portraits of the powerful Medici family.
He painted portraits of the family and many
religious pictures, including the famous The
Adoration of the Magi.
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Botticelli
famous works. He created his own style, mixing
Neoplatonism and realism. He is most well known
for his paintings of beautiful woman, sometimes
the Madonna, sometimes goddess.
Birth of Venus (c. 1485) is another of
Botticellis most famous work. This piece was
painted for a Medici villa. Like many
Rennaissance artists Botticelli tried to capture
the former glory of Rome by painting classical
myths.
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Da Vinci

• Leonardo Da Vinci was an Italian painter,
  draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer
  whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other
  figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist
  ideal. His Last Supper (1495-97) and Mona Lisa
  (1503-06) are among the most widely popular and
  influential paintings of the Renaissance. His
  notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry
  and a mechanical inventiveness that were
  centuries ahead of his time.
• The first object of the painter is to make a
  flat plane appear as a body in relief and
  projecting from that plane.
  
• -- Leonardo Da Vinci

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Da Vinci

• Mona Lisa(1506) This painting took Da Vinci four
  years to paint. Da Vinci refused to part with
  this painting until his death in 1519.

done on a plaster wall with oil and varnish.
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Piero

• Piero Della Francesca(1416-1492) painted both
  Battista Sforza and Federigo da Montefeltro(below
  left) as well as The Flagellation(below right).
  Piero worked with space and perspective, while
  combining science and imagination. Almost all of
  Piero's works are religious in natureprimarily
  altarpieces and church frescoes.

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Fra Filippo Lippi

• Lippi, Fra Filippo (circa 1406-1469), was an
  Italian early Renaissance painter. Fra Filippos
  style recalled the Gothic in its use of
  fluttering draperies, attenuated figures, and
  glowing colors as well as stressed the human
  aspects of his scenes. In his works, such as the
  fresco series Scenes from the Lives of Saint
  Stephen and John the Baptist (1452-c. 1465, Prato
  Cathedral), Fra Filippo combined traditional
  Gothic landscape elements with the new
  perspective style to create mysterious, receding
  backgrounds for his works. Fra Filippo exerted a
  strong influence on later Florentine art.

Above Virgin Adoring the Child, 1435.
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High/ Northern Renaissance(1500s)

• (The time in which Elizabeth I ruled and Magellan
  circled the globe)
  
• Media- the first use of the canvas
• Major Artists-Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, El
  Greco, Bruegel

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Michelangelo Buonarroti

• Michelangelo spent four years working for Pope
  Julius II, while painting the ceiling of the
  Sistine Chapel(for example the Creation of Adam,
  seen below, left). Michelangelo was an Italian
  sculptor, architect, painter and poet.
  Michelangelo created multiple life size
  sculptures(such as Bucchus and David, seen left,
  top). The marble Pieta, found in St. Peters
  Basilica, is the only piece of work that
  Michelangelo signed.

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Titian

• Tizaiano Vecellio, commonly known as Titian, was
  the greatest painter from the Venetia. His work
  included splendid religious, mythological, and
  portrait paintings, original in conception and
  vivid with color and movement. Emperor Charles V
  appointed Titian court painter and elevated him
  to the rank of Count Palatine and Knight of the
  Golden Spur. Towards the end of his life Titians
  vision began to decrease he painted with stronger
  outlines and broad streaks of paint, this method
  was a foreshadowing for modern Impressionism.

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El Greco

Toledo in a Storm

• El Greco, a Spanish painter, His artistic roots
  are diverse he traveled between Venice, Rome,
  and Spain (settling in Toledo). The Christian
  doctrines of Spain made a crucial impact on his
  approach to painting, and his art represents a
  blend of passion and restraint, religious fervor
  and Neo-Platonism, influenced by the mysticism of
  the Counter-Reformation.

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Bruegel

• Bruegel, also spelled Brueghel, was the greates
  Flemish painter of the 16th century. His
  paintings, including his landscapes and scenes of
  peasant life, stress the absurd and vulgar, yet
  are full of zest and fine detail. They also
  expose human weaknesses and follies.

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The Baroque Period(1600s)

• (Galileo, British colonization of America)
• -Baroque- a movement in European painting in the
  17th and early 18th centuries, characterized by
  violent movement, strong emotion, and dramatic
  lighting and coloring.
• Media- the modern pencil was invented
• Major Artists- Rubens, Rembrandt, Poussin,
  Leyster, Caravaggio, Bernini

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Peter Paul Rubens

• The Flemish baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens was
  the most renowned northern European artist of his
  day, and is now widely recognized as one of the
  foremost painters in Western art history.
• By completing the fusion of the realistic
  tradition of Flemish painting with the
  imaginative freedom and classical themes of
  Italian Renaissance painting, he fundamentally
  revitalized and redirected northern European
  painting.

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Rembrandt

• Dutch painter, draftsman, and etcher of the 17th
  century, a giant in the history of art. His
  paintings are characterized by luxuriant
  brushwork, rich color, and a mastery of
  chiaroscuro. Numerous portraits and
  self-portraits exhibit a profound penetration of
  character. His drawings constitute a vivid record
  of contemporary Amsterdam life. The greatest
  artist of the Dutch school, he was a master of
  light and shadow whose paintings, drawings, and
  etchings made him a giant in the history of art.
  

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Poussin

• French painter, a leader of pictorial classicism
  in the Baroque period. Except for two years as
  court painter to Louis XIII, he spent his entire
  career in Rome. His paintings of scenes from the
  Bible and from Greco-Roman antiquity influenced
  generations of French painters, including David,
  Ingres, and Cézanne. His work symbolizes the
  virtues of logic, order, and clarity, and it has
  influenced the course of French art up to the
  present day.

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Cavaggio

• Probably the most revolutionary artist of his
  time, the Italian painter Caravaggio abandoned
  the rules that had guided a century of artists
  before him. They had idealized the human and
  religious experience.

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The Rococo Period(1700s)

• (During this time the steam engine was invented
  and Ben Franklin experimented with electricity)
  
• -Rococo- 18th century European style, originating
  in France. In reaction to the grandeur and
  massiveness of the Baroque period, Rococo
  employed refined, elegant, highly decorative
  forms.
• Major Artists- Boucher, Watteau

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Boucher
Watteau
A French rococo artist whose charming and
graceful paintings show his interest in theater
and ballet, Antoine Watteau is probably best
known for his fetes galantes. These romantic and
idealized scenes depict elaborately costumed
ladies and gentlemen at play in fanciful outdoor
settings.

• French painter, noted for his pastoral and
  mythological scenes, whose work embodies the
  frivolity and sensuousness of the rococo style.
  He was considered the most fashionable painter of
  the day.

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Neoclassism(1750)

• (During both the French and American
  Revolutions)
  
• -Neoclassism- a European style from the late 18th
  and early 19th centuries. Its elegant, balanced
  works revived the order and harmony of ancient
  Greek and Roman art.
• Major Artists- Fragonard, David

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Fragonard
David
AboveThe Coronation of Napoleon
Above The Reader and The Swing
French painter, one of the central figures of
Neoclassicism. He won the Prix de Rome.

• French painter whose scenes of frivolity and
  gallantry are among the most complete embodiments
  of the Rococo spirit. He was a pupil of Chardin
  for a short while and also of Boucher, before
  winning the Prix de Rome in 1752.

Above The Tennis Court Oath
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Romantism/ Realism(1800s)

• (The of the Louisiana Purchase, the Irish Famine
  and during the rule of Queen Victoria)
  
• -Romantism- a European movement of the late 18th
  century to mid 19th century. In reaction to
  Neoclassism, it focused on emotion over reason,
  and on spontaneous expression. The subject matter
  was invested with drama and usually painted with
  bright colors.
• -Realism- a 19th century movement, mostly in
  France, that rejected idealized academic styles
  in favor of everyday subjects.
  
• Major Artists- Goya, Delacroix, Gericault,
  Turner, Daumier, Millet, Courbet

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Goya

• Above Portrait of Mariana Waldstein, The
  Shootings of May Third, The Incantation
  
• Goya was a Spanish artist whose multifarious
  paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected
  contemporary historical upheavals and influenced
  important 19th- and 20th-century painters.

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Delacroix
The Massacre at Chios, Liberty Leading The
People

• Delacroix, Eugène, in full FERDINAND-
  VICTOR-EUGENE DELACROIX (b. April 26, 1798,
  Charenton-Saint-Maurice, Fr.--d. Aug. 13, 1863,
  Paris), the greatest French Romantic painter,
  whose use of colour was influential in the
  development of both Impressionist and
  Postimpressionist painters. His inspiration came
  chiefly from historical or contemporary events or
  literature, and a visit to Morocco in 1832
  provided him with further exotic subjects.

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Gericault

• Rouen
• Insane

• Painter who exerted a seminal influence on the
  development of Romantic art in France. Géricault
  was a fashionable dandy and an avid horseman
  whose dramatic paintings reflect his colorful,
  energetic, and somewhat morbid personality.

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Turner
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons,
16th October, 1834 The Grand Canal,
Venice 1835

• Turner, John Mallord William (1775-1851). One of
  the finest landscape artists was J.M.W. Turner,
  whose work was exhibited when he was still a
  teenager. His entire life was devoted to his art.

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Daumier

• Daumier, Honoré (1808-79). French caricaturist,
  painter, and sculptor. In his lifetime he was
  known chiefly as a political and social satirist,
  but since his death recognition of his qualities
  as a painter has grown.

Left The Print Collector Above The Uprising
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Millet

• The son of a small peasant farmer of Gréville in
  Normandy, Millet showed a precocious interest in
  drawing, and arrived in Paris in 1838 to become a
  pupil of Paul Delaroche. He had to fight against
  great odds, living for long a life of extreme
  penury. He exhibited at the Salon for the first
  time in 1840, and married two years later. At
  this time, the main influences on him were
  Poussin and Eustache Le Sueur, and the type of
  work he produced consisted predominantly of
  mythological subjects or portraiture, at which he
  was especially adept (Portrait of a Naval
  Officer, 1845 Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen).

Above Les Glaneuses, BelowThe Walk to Work (Le
Depart pour le Travail)
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Courbet

• Courbet, Gustave (1819-77). The painter Courbet
  started and dominated the French movement toward
  realism. Art critics and the public were
  accustomed to pretty pictures that made life look
  better than it was. Courbet, against much
  opposition, truthfully portrayed ordinary places
  and people.

Above Left A Burial at Ornans, Above right The
Painter's Studio A Real Allegory
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Pre-Raphaelites(1850s)

• -Pre-Raphaelite- a group of English artists who
  joined together to recapture the style of
  painting of Raphael. They focused on painting
  from nature, producing detailed, colorful works.
• Media- fountain pens and tube paints
• Major Artists- Rossetti

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Rossetti

• The death of Beatrice from The Divine Comedy by
  Dante, the original Italian poet. This painting
  also reflects Rossetti's greif after the death of
  his wife, Elisabeth Siddal, the model for
  Beatrice, painted from memory after her death.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti was a poet, painter, and
designer and the cofounder of the
PRE-RAPHAELITES. The pre-raphaelites were a group
of English painters and poets who hoped to bring
to their art the richness and purity of the
medieval period.