Bones

1
Bones

• Ever changing

2
Purpose

• Support
• Protection
• Mineral storage
• Lipid storage
• Blood cell production
• Muscle anchor

3
Types

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid
• Sutural
• Wormian

4
Formations
5
Structure

• Diaphysis
• Epiphysis
• Metaphysis
• Epiphyseal plate
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone

• Trabeculae
• Diploe
• White marrow
• Red marrow
• Periosteum
• Endosteum

6
Microscopic Structure

• Osteon
• Central canal
• Vessels
• Lamellae
• Lacunae
• osteocytes
• Canaliculi
• Perforating canals
• Volkman canals

7
More Bone Composition

• Hydroxyapatite
• Lots of calcium
• Lots of phosphate
• Cells
• Osteoprogenitor
• Osteocytes
• Osteoblasts
• Osteogenesis
• Osteoclasts
• osteolysis

8
Bone Formation - Ossification

• Endochondral
• Cartilage template
• Interior chondrocytes die
• Leave shaft of calcification
• Central canal
• Blood vessels grow in
• Primary ossification
• Diaphysis

• Secondary ossification
• Epiphysis
• Articular cartilage
• Epiphyseal cartilage
• Epiphyseal plate
• No more longitudinal growth
• Appositional growth
• width

9
Bone Formation Ossification cont.

• Intramembranous
• Flat/dermal bones
• Begin with membrane
• Osteocytes invade
• Ossification center
• Spicules
• Spongy on the inside
• Compact on the outside
• Red marrow

10
Changes in Bone Composition

• Remodeling
• Gender effects
• Exercise effects
• Hormonal effects
• Growth
• Calcitriol vit D
• Calcitonin
• osteoblasts
• Parathyriod hormone
• osteoclasts
• Aging effects

11
Bone Abnormalities

• Midget
• Dwarf
• Giant
• Marfans
• Scoliosis
• Rickets
• Osteoporosis
• Osteopenia

• Calcium homeostasis

12
Fracture Healing

• Hematoma
• Callus formation
• Chondrocytes activity
• Osteoblast activity
• Osteoblast and clast remodeling

13
Types of Fractures

• Potts
• Ankle
• Colles
• Wrist
• Commuted
• Shatter
• Transverse
• Spiral

• Displaced
• Green stick
• Epiphyseal
• Compression