American Literature

1
American Literature

• Lecture 3

2
Objectives

• Enable the Ss to know the background,
  representative writers and their works of the
  Romantic period in American literary history
• Enable the Ss to know spirit of transcendentalism
  by reading Emersons The American Scholar
• Enable the appreciate Hawthornes style by a
  close reading of The Ministers Black Veil

3
Teaching Materials

• William Cullen Bryant
• To a Waterfowl
• The Yellow Violet
• Emerson
• The American Scholar
• Hawthorne
• The Ministers Black Veil

4
Teaching Methodology

• Lecturing
• Text-analysis

5
Chapter Three

• American Romanticism
• (1810-1860)

6
General Introduction

• Simply speaking, Romanticism is a literary
  movement flourished as a cultural force
  throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into
  the early period and the late period. Also it
  remains powerful in contemporary literature and
  art.

7
General Introduction

• Romanticism, a term that is associated with
  imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with
  classicism, which is commonly associated with
  reason and restriction. A romantic attitude may
  be detected in literature of any period, but as
  an historical movement it arose in the 18th and
  19th centuries, in reaction to more rational
  literary, philosophic, artistic, religious, and
  economic standards.... The most clearly defined
  romantic literary movement in the U. S. was
  Transcendentalism.

8
General Introduction

• The representatives of the early period includes
  Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and
  William Cullen Bryant and those of the late
  period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David
  Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne,
  Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.

9
Its origins may be traced to

• the economic rise of the middle class, struggling
  to free itself from feudal and monarchical
  restrictions
• the individualism of the Renaissance
• the Reformation, which was based on the belief in
  an immediate relationship between man and God
• the scientific deism(????), which emphasized the
  deitys(??) benevolence

10

• the psychology of Locke, Hartley, and others, who
  contended that minds are formed by environmental
  conditions, thus seeming to be indicate that all
  men are created equal and may be improved by
  environmental changes
• the optimistic humanitarianism of Shaftsbury
• the writings of Rousseau who contended that man
  is natural good, institutions also having made
  him wicked.

11
Romantic Attitudes

• 1. Appeals to imagination use of the "willing
  suspension of disbelief."
• 2. Stress on emotion rather than reason
  optimism, geniality(??,??).
• 3. Subjectivity in form and meaning.

12
1. Time Range

• From the beginning of the 19th century through
  the outbreak of the Civil War.

13
2. Ideals

• Ideals Democracy and political equality became
  the ideals of the new nation.

14
3. Social Background

• Economic boom
• Industrialism
• Immigration
• Westward expansion

• optimism and hope among people

15

• Radical changes came about in the political
  life of the country. Parties began to squabble
  and scramble for power, and a new system was in
  the making.
• A nation bursting into new life cried for
  literary expression. The buoyant mood of the
  nation and the spirit of the times seem in some
  measure responsible for the spectacular outburst
  of romantic feeling in the first half of the
  nineteenth century. The literary milieu proved
  fertile and conducive to the imagination as well.

16

• Foreign influences added incentive to the growth
  of romanticism in America.
• The Romantic movement which had flourished
  earlier in the century both in England and Europe
  proved to be a decisive influence without which
  the upsurge of American romanticism would hardly
  have been possible.

17

• Sir Walter Scott, Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
  William Wordsworth, Byron, Robert Burns and many
  other English and European masters of poetry and
  prose all made a stimulating impact on the
  different departments of the countrys
  literature.

18

• The influence of Sir Walter Scott was powerful
  and enduring. Scotts Waverly novels were models
  for American historical romance, and his The Lady
  of the Lake, together with Byrons Oriental
  romances, helped toward the development of
  American Indian romance.
• The Gothic tradition, and the cult of solitude
  and of gloom came through interest in the works
  of writers like Mrs. Radcliffe, James Thomson and
  the graveyard poets.

19

• Byron and Robert Burns both inspired and spurred
  the American imagination for lyrics of love and
  passion and despair.
• The impact of Lyrical Ballads of Wordsworth and
  Coleridge added to some extent, to the nations
  singing strength. Thus American romanticism was
  in a way derivative American romantic writing
  was some of them modeled on English and European
  works.

20
4. Features

• 1. American Puritanism as a cultural heritage
• 2. The newness of the American as a nation

21

• American Romanticism was both imitative and
  independent.
• Imitative
• Independent

English and European Romanticists
Emerson and Whitman
22
5. Themes

• home, family, nature, children and idealized
  love, etc.

• Imitative
• Independent

• major problems of American life, like the
  westward expansion and democracy and equality,
  etc.

23
Washington Irving (1783--1859)

• Father of American Imaginative literature
• Father of the American short story

24
1) Works

1. A History of New York from the Beginning of the
   World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty written by
   Diedrich Knickerbocker

????
25
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent
????

• Rip Van Winkle
• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

??????
?????
26

• ????????

• c) Bracebridge Hall 1822
• d) Life of Goldsmith 1840
• e) Life of Washington 1855-1859

??????
????
27
2)Life

• Irving was born into a wealthy New York merchant
  family. From a very early age, he began to read
  widely and write juvenile poems, essays and
  plays.
• Later, he studied law.

28

• His first book A History of New York, written
  under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker, was a
  great success and won him wide popularity.
• In 1815, he went to England to take care of his
  family business there, and when it failed, had to
  write to support himself.

29

• With the publication of The Sketch Book, he won a
  measure of international recognition.

Knickerbocker
Rip Van Winkle
30

• In 1826, as an American diplomatic attaché, he
  was sent to Spain, where he gathered material for
  his writing.
• From 1829 to 1832, he was secretary of the U.S
  Legation in London.

31

• Then when he was fifty, he returned to America
  and bought Sunnyside, his famous home. There he
  spent the rest of his life, living a life of
  leisure and comfort, except for a period of four
  years (1842--1846), when he was Minister to Spain.

View of Sunnyside
32
3)Evaluation

• Washington Irving was the first American writer
  of imaginative literature to gain international
  fame.
• The short story as a genre in American literature
  began with Irvings The Sketch Book.
• The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of
  American Romanticism.

33
2. James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)

• He was a prolific writer, wrote more than thirty
  novels.

34
His Major Works.

• In his life Cooper wrote over thirty novels
  which can be divided into frontier novels,
  detective novels and reference novels. He
  considered The Pathfinder (1840) and The
  Deerslayer (1841) his best works.
• The unifying thread of the five novels
  collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales
  is the life of Natty Bumppo. Coopers finest
  achievement, they constitute4 a vast prose epic
  with the North American continent as setting.
  Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and
  westward migration as social background. The
  novels bring to life frontier America from 1740
  to 1804.

35
His Major Works

• 1) The Pioneers(1823) Natty Bumppo first appears
  as a seasoned scout in advancing years, with the
  dying Chingachgook, the old Indian chief and his
  faithful comrade, as the eastern forest frontier
  begins to disappear and Chingachgook dies.
  Leatherstocking Tales
• 2) The Last of the Mohicans(1826) An adventure
  of the French and Indian Wars in the Lake George
  county.

36
His Major Works

• 3) The Prairie(1827) Set in the new frontier
  where the Leatherstocking dies.
• 4) The Pathfinder(1840) Continuing the same
  border warfare in the St. Lawrence and Lake
  Ontario county.
• 5) The Deerslayer(1841) Early adventures with
  the hostile Hurons on Lake Otsego, NY.

37
Contributions of Cooper

• The creation of the famous Leatherstocking saga
  has cemented his position as our first great
  national novelist and his influence pervades
  American literature. In his thirty-two years
  (1820-1851) of authorship, Cooper produced
  twenty-nine other long works of fiction and
  fifteen books - enough to fill forty-eight
  volumes in the new definitive edition of his
  Works. Among his achievements
• The first successful American historical romance
  in the vein of Sir Walter Scott (The Spy, 1821).
• The first sea novel (The Pilot, 1824).
• The first attempt at a fully researched
  historical novel (Lionel Lincoln, 1825).

38
Contributions of Cooper

• The first full-scale History of the Navy of the
  United States of America (1839).
• The first American international novel of manners
  (Homeward Bound and Home as Found, 1838).
• The first trilogy in American fiction (Satanstoe,
  1845 The Chainbearer, 1845 and The Redskins,
  1846).
• The first and only five-volume epic romance to
  carry its mythic hero - Natty Bumppo - from youth
  to old age.

39
His Skills

• He is good at making plots.
• All his novels are full of myths.
• He had never been to the frontier and among the
  Indians and yet could write five huge epic books
  about them is an eloquent proof of the richness
  of his imagination.
• He created the first Indians to appear in
  American fiction and probably the first group of
  noble savages.
• He hit upon the native subject of frontier and
  wilderness, and helped to introduce the Western
  tradition into American literature.

40
Evaluation

• Leatherstocking Tales is a series of five novels
  about the frontier of American settlers.
• The Pioneers was probably the first true romance
  of the frontier in American literature.

41

• Anyhow, Cooper did help to introduce the western
  tradition into American literature.

42
3. William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)

• the first American lyric poet of distinction

43
1) Works

• a) Poems 1821
• b) The Fountain 1842

??

• Poes reputation was first

?
44
His Major Works
???

• c) The White-Footed Deer 1844
• d) A Forest Hymn 1860
• e) The Flood of Years 1878

????
???
45
His Major Works
???

• f) To a Waterfowl 1815
• g) Thanatopsis 1817
• h) The Yellow Violet 1814

????
?????
46
4. New England Transcendentalism

• -------the summit of American Romanticism

47
Transcendentalism

• It is a 19th-century movement of writers and
  philosophers in New England who were loosely
  bound together by adherence to an idealistic
  system of thought.
• The overall movement shared similar philosophies.
  These philosophies rested on the Lockian concept
  of Idealism and Kant's belief in intuition.
• Emerson defined it as idealism simply. In
  reality it was far more complex collection of
  beliefs that the spark of divinity lies within
  man that everything in the world is a microcosm
  of existence that the individual soul is
  identical to the world soul, or Over-Soul. By
  meditation, by communing with nature, through
  work and art, man could transcend his senses and
  attain an understanding of beauty and goodness
  and truth.

48
Transcendentalism

• In application, American transcendentalism urged
  a reform in society, and that such a reform may
  be reached if individuals resist customs and
  social codes, and rely rather on reason to learn
  what is right. Ultimately, transcendentalists
  believed that one should transcend society's code
  of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order
  to reach absolute goodness, or Absolute Truth.
• It was indebted to the dual heritage of American
  Puritanism. That is to say, it was in actuality
  romanticism on the puritan soil.
• Transcendentalism dominated the thinking of the
  American Renaissance, and its resonance
  reverberated through American life well into the
  20th century. In one way or another American most
  creative minds were drawn into its thrall,
  attracted not only to its practicable messages of
  confident self-identity, spiritual progress and
  social justice, but also by its aesthetics, which
  celebrated, in landscape and mindscape, the
  immense grandeur of the American soul

49
Representative Writers

• I. The Essayists
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau

50
Representative Writers

• II. The Poets
• The Boston Brahmins refer to the patrician,
  Harvard-educated class, including Henry Wadsworth
  Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell
  Holmes.
• Walt Whitman
• Emily Dickinson

51
The Concept

• It also called  New England Renaissance   period
  from the 1830s roughly until the end of the
  American Civil War in which American literature,
  in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age
  as an expression of a national spirit.
• The literary scene of the period was dominated by
  a group of New England writers, the Brahmins.
  They were aristocrats, steeped in foreign
  culture, active as professors at Harvard College,
  and interested in creating a genteel American
  literature based on foreign models.
• One of the most important influences in the
  period was that of the Transcendentalists,
  including Emerson, Thoreau and so on.

52
The Concept

• The Transcendentalists contributed to the
  founding of a new national culture based on
  native elements. They advocated reforms in
  church, state, and society, contributing to the
  rise of free religion and the abolition movement
  and to the formation of various utopian
  communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition
  movement was also bolstered by other New England
  writers, including the Quaker poet Whittier and
  the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle
  Tom's Cabin (1852) dramatized the plight of the
  black slave.
• Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged
  during this period great imaginative
  writersNathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and
  Walt Whitmanwhose novels and poetry left a
  permanent imprint on American literature.
  Contemporary with these writers but outside the
  New England circle was the Southern genius Edgar
  Allan Poe, who later in the century had a strong
  impact on European literature

53
Leading writers

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Henry David Thoreau

54
Manifesto

• In 1836 the publication of Nature by Emerson
  pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the
  phase of New England Transcendentalism.
• Nature is regarded as the Bible of New England
  Transcendentalism.
• It says in the book

55

• The Universe is composed of Nature and the
  Soul.
• Spirit is present everywhere.

56
About Transcendentalism

• Club Transcendentalist Club
• Transcendentalist journal The Dial

• Sources
• ---German Idealism,
• ---German Transcendentalism
• ---American Puritanism.

57
Definition by Emerson

• What is probably called Transcendentalism among
  us is idealism idealism as appears in 1842.
• Transcendental
• Whatever belongs to the class of intuitive (???)
  thought

58
Main Ideas (Features) of N.E.T.

• 1. placing emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul,
  as the most important thing in the universe --- a
  new way of looking at the world
• 2. stressing the importance of the individual.
  --- a new way of looking at man
• 3. offering a fresh perception of nature as
  symbolic of Spirit or God

59

• New England Transcendentalism was, in actuality,
  Romanticism in Puritan soil.

60
Ralph Waldo Emerson

• The American Scholar---Intellectual Declaration
  of Independence

• Nature ---the Bible of New England
  Transcendentalism

61

• Emersons aesthetics brought about a revolution
  in American literature in general and in American
  poetry in particular.
• It marked the birth of true American poetry and
  true American poets such as Walt Whitman and
  Emily Dickinson.
• He embodied a new nations desire and struggle to
  assert its own identity in its formative period.

62
Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)

• A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers

• Walden---a prophet of individualism in American
  literature

63

• He was one of the three great American authors of
  the last century who had no contemporary readers
  and yet became great in this century.
• Herman Melville
• Emily Dickinson.

64
Questions

• 1. What, in Emersons view, are the main
  influence upon the mind of the scholar? (P297)
• 2. What is your understanding of the part dealing
  with the value and use of books in The American
  Scholar?

65
Assignment

• Read Nathaniel Hawthornes Ministers Black
  Veil and be ready to answer the questions
  afterwards.

66
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
His life represents one of the greatest
tragedies in the North American literary history,
one of the greatest losses to American
literature, one of the most disgraceful episodes
of critical stupidity in the United States
67
Works

• 1. Redburn 1849
• 2. Typee 1846
• 3. Omoo 1874
• 4. Moby Dick 1851
• 5. Mardi 1849
• 6. White Jacket 1850
• 7. Pierre 1852
• 8. Billy Budd 1924

68
Themes of Moby Dick

• 1. Search for truth
• The story deals with the human pursuit of
  truth and the meaning of existence.
• 2. Conflict between Good and Evil.
• 3. Conflict between Man and Nature.
• 4. Isolation between man and man man and
  nature man and society.
• 5. Solipsism.

69
Symbols

• 1) The Pequod
• The Pequod is a symbol of doom. It is painted
  a gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and
  bones, literally bristling with the mementos of
  violent death. It is, in fact, marked for death.
  Adorned like a primitive coffin, the Pequod
  becomes one. )

70

• 2) Moby Dick
• Moby Dick possesses various symbolic
  meanings for various individuals.
• 1) Symbol of nature for human beings,
• because it is mysterious, powerful, unknown.
• 2) Symbol of evil for the Captain Ahab.
• 3) Symbol of good and purity because of its
  whiteness.

71

• 3) Voyage of the Pequod
• Symbol of the pursuit of ideals, adventure,
  and the hunt in the vast wilderness.
• 4) Ahab
• Symbol of solipsism, revenge and then evil.
• 5) Sea
• Symbol of vastness, loneliness, and isolation.

72
Evaluation

• Moby Dick is, critics have agreed, one of the
  worlds greatest masterpieces. To get to know the
  19th century American mind and America itself,
  one has to read this book.
• One of the classics of American Literature and
  even world literature.

73

• Moby Dick is an encyclopedia of everything,
  history, philosophy, religion, etc. in addition
  to a detailed account of the operations of the
  whaling industry.

74
6. Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-1864)
75
Works
Collections of short stories
????

1. Twice-Told Tales 1837
2. Mosses from an Old Manse 1843
3. The Scarlet Letter 1850

????
??
76

• The House of the Seven Gables 1851
• The Blithedale Romance 1852
• The Marble Faun 1860

????????
????
?????
77

• Young Goodman Brown
• The Ministers Black Veil
• Dr. Rappacinis Daughter

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?????????
??????
78
Life

• Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts.
• Some of his ancestors were men of prominence
  (??)in the Puritan theocracy of
  seventeenth-century New England. One of them was
  a colonial magistrate, notorious for his part in
  the persecution of the Quakers, and another was a
  judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692.

79

• When Nathaniel was four, his father died on a
  voyage in Surinam, Dutch Guinea, but maternal
  (???)relatives recognized his literary talent and
  financed his education at Bowdoin College.
• Among his classmates were many of the important
  literary and political figures of the day writer
  Horatio Bridge, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and
  future President Franklin Pierce. These prominent
  friends supplied Hawthorne with government
  employment in the lean times, allowing him time
  to bloom as an author.

80

• Like James Fenimore Cooper, Hawthorne was
  extremely concerned with conventionality?? his
  first pseudonymously published short stories
  imitated Sir Walter Scott, as did his 1828
  self-published Fanshawe.
• Hawthorne later formally withdrew most of this
  early work, discounting it as the work of
  inexperienced youth. From 1836 to 1844 the
  Boston-centered Transcendentalist movement, led
  by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was an important force in
  New England intellectual circles.

81

• Hawthorne's fiancée Sophia Peabody drew him into
  "the newness," and in 1841 Hawthorne invested
  1500 in the Brook Farm Utopian Community,
  leaving disillusioned within a year.
• His later works show some Transcendentalist
  influence, including a belief in individual
  choice and consequence, and an emphasis on
  symbolism.
• As America's first true psychological novel, The
  Scarlet Letter would convey these ideals
  contrasting puritan morality with passion and
  individualism.

82
Influences on Hawthorne

• Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom
  House.
• Puritan family background - one of his
  forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over
  the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692.
• Belief in the existence of the devil.
• Belief in determinism.

83
Major Themes in Hawthorne's Fiction

• Alienation (??)- a character is in a state of
  isolation because of self-cause, or societal
  cause, or a combination of both.
• Initiation(??) - involves the attempts of an
  alienated character to get rid of his isolated
  condition.
• Problem of Guilt -a character's sense of guilt
  forced by the puritanical heritage or by society
  also guilt vs. innocence.

84

• Pride - Hawthorne treats pride as evil. He
  illustrates the following aspects of pride in
  various characters physical pride (Robin),
  spiritual pride (Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand), and
  intellectual pride (Rappaccini).
• Puritan New England - used as a background and
  setting in many tales.
• Italian background - especially in The Marble
  Faun.
• Allegory (??)- Hawthornes writing is
  allegorical, didactic(??) and moralistic. (?????)

85

• Other themes include
• individual vs. society,
• self-fulfillment vs. frustration,
• hypocrisy vs. integrity,
• love vs. hate,
• exploitation (??,??)vs. hurting, fate vs. free
  will.

86
Features of his works

• setting
• themes
• Idea
• Feature
• technique

• Puritan New England
• Evil sin
• black vision toward human beings
• Ambiguity
• symbolism

87
The Scarlet Letter

• Hester
• Chillingworth
• Dimmesdale
• Pearl

• Sin
• evil

Adultery Ability Angel
88

• The Scarlet Letter represents the height of
  Hawthornes literary genius dense with terse
  (?????)descriptions. It remains relevant for its
  philosophical and psychological depth, and
  continues to be read as a classic tale on a
  universal theme (secret sin).

89
The Ministers Black Veil

• Questions to answer
• 1. What happened at the morning service? What was
  the effect of the black veil upon the villagers?
  What was the subject of the sermon?

90

• 1. Key Mr. Hooper wore a black veil.
• The second Paragraph in P302.
• The 16th line in Paragraph 3 in P302.

91

• 2. What happened in the afternoon? Do you think
  Mr. Hooper had anything to do with the young
  maidens death? Why or why not?

92

• 2. Key
• In Paragraph 1 in P304.

93

• 3. What happened on that night?

94

• 3. Key
• In the last Paragraph in P304 and 1st Paragraph
  in P305.

95

• 4. What happened the next day?

96

• 4. Key
• In the second Paragraph in P305 and 1st Paragraph
  in P306.
• The villagers were talking about the black veil.
• They sent deputation to talk with Mr. Hooper.

97

• 5. What cause did Mr. Hooper give Elizabeth not
  to take off the black veil?

98

• 5. Key
• In the second Paragraph from the bottom in P307
  and 2nd Paragraph in P308.

99

• 6. What happened at the death-bed of Mr. Hooper?

100

• 6. Key
• In the 1st Paragraph in P311 and the sixth
  Paragraph in P312

101

• 7. Why did Mr. Hooper persist in wearing the
  black veil until his death?

102

• 7. Key
• In the last Paragraph in P312.

103
Technique

• Symbolism
• Psychological insight

104
Hawthorne as a Literary Artist

• First professional writer - college educated,
  familiar with the great European writers, and
  influenced by puritan writers like Cotton Mather.
  
• Hawthorne displayed a love for allegory and
  symbol. He dealt with tensions involving light
  versus dark warmth versus cold faith versus
  doubt heart versus mind internal versus
  external worlds.

105
Reasons for Hawthorne's Current Popularity

• Hawthorne's use of psychological analysis
  (pre-Freudian) is of interest today.
• In themes and style, Hawthorne's writings look
  ahead to Henry James, William Faulkner, and
  Robert Penn Warren

106
7. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)

107

• Longfellow was early fond of reading - Washington
  Irving's Sketch-Book was his favorite
• Among Longfellow's classmates at Bowdoin College
  was Nathaniel Hawthorne, whom he helped later
  reviewing warmly his Twice-Told Tales.
• In 1836 Longfellow began teaching in Harvard
• Longfellow settled in Cambridge, where he
  remained for the rest of his life
• Queen Victoria, who was his great admirer,
  invited him to tea

108

• The poet's 70th birthday in 1877 was celebrated
  around the country
• Longfellow died in Cambridge on March 24, 1882.
  In London his marble image is seen in Westminster
  Abbey, in the Poet's Corner

109
Works of Longfellow

• Voices of the Night 1839 ???
• Ballads and other Poems 1841?????
• The Belfry of Bruges and other Poems?????????
• Evangeline a Tale of Acadie 1847????
• The Song of Hiawatha?????
• Tales of a Wayside Inn1863, 1872, 1873???????

110
Poetic Features

• His reputation as a major American Poet declined
  between the two wars for the gentleness and
  sweetness, and the common subjects
• He is lacking in passion and high imagination
• His style and subjects are conventional compared
  with modern poets
• He made a great contribution to "the flowering of
  New England
• Americans owe a great debt to Longfellow because
  he was among the first of American writers to use
  native themes

111
8. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

• father of modern short story
• father of detective story
• father of psychoanalytic criticism

112
1) Works
???????

• Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque
• MS. Found in a Bottle
• C) The Murders in the Rue Morgue

????????
??????
113
???????

1. The Fall of the House of Usher
2. The Masque of the Red Death
3. The Cask of Amontillado

??????
?????????
114
??

1. The Raven
2. Israfel
3. Annabel Lee
4. To Helen

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1. The Poetic Principle
2. The Philosophy of Composition

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2) Life

• Famous American Poet, short-story writer and
  critic.

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4) Evaluation

• Poe remained the most controversial and most
  misunderstood literary figure in the history of
  American literature.

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• Emerson dismissed him in three words the jingle
  man ,Mark Twain declared his prose to be
  unreadable. And Whitman was the only famous
  literary figure present at the Poe Memorial
  Ceremony in 1875.

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• Ironically, it was in Europe that Poe enjoyed
  respect and welcome.
• Bernard Shaw said Poe was the greatest
  journalistic critic of his time his poetry is
  exquisitely refined and his tales are complete
  works of art.

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• Poes reputation was first made in France.
  Charles Baudelaire said that Edgar Poe, who
  isnt much in America, must become a great man in
  France.

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• Today, Poes particular power has ensured his
  position among the greatest writers of the world.
  The majority of critics today, in America as well
  as in the world, have recognized the real, unique
  importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a
  poet of the first rank, and a critic of acumen
  and insight. His works are read the world over.
  His influence in world-wide in modern literature.