Fungi

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Fungi

• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Fungi
• Phylum Zygomycota

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How Many Kingdoms?
Extant
Multicellular Animals
Slime Molds
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Bryophytes
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Tracheophytes
Euglenoids
Brown Algae
Bacteria
Red algae
True Fungi
Extinct
Long Time with Prokaryotes only
Original Cell
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Fungal Cladogram
Phylum Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygomycota
Saccharomyces
Neurospora
Rhizopus
Pilobolus
Peziza
Phallus
Agaricus
Mucor
Sordaria
Polyporus
One other taxon Deuteromycota is artificial as
sexual stages are unknown for these species. They
are likely Ascomycota.
To Animalia, etc.
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Zygomycota - zygomycetes
Characterized by unique syngamy
Like other fungi, the walls are chitin, reproduce
via spores, and have no flagellated stages. There
are some 1.5 MILLION species of fungi of which
60,000 are fully described!
These photos of Mucor show asexual reproduction
in zygomycetes. Spores germinate into coenocytic
(multinucleate) branched hyphae. Hyphae secrete
enzymes and import subunits. Hyphal tips can be
lifted into the air and the columella produces
mitospores (conidia).
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Zygomycota
This micrograph shows the sporangiophores
(conidiophores) and spores (conidia) of
Cunninghamella.
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Z
ygomycota/Cunninghamella_2.jpg
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Zygomycota
When hyphae of opposite mating types ( or -)
come close to each other two swollen hyphal tips
(progametagia) approach each other and touch.
This photo is showing Rhizopus (common bread
mold).
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Zygomycota
/Zycomycotina_Z_pa_my_sw_sl_so/Rhizopus_progametan
gia_tjv.gif
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Zygomycota
Both progametangia cut off a terminal cell at the
point of contact. These isogametes fuse into a
zygote.
coenocytic mycelium
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Zygomycota
/Zycomycotina_Z_pa_my_sw_sl_so/Rhizopus_young_zygo
spore_tjv.gif
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Zygomycota
The zygote produces a resistant wall becoming
essentially a hypnosporangiumcalled a
zygosporangium. The progametangia are now called
suspensors. Both karyogamy and meiosis occur
inside the zygosporangium, meiospores are
released under proper conditions
zygosporangium
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Zygomycota
/Zycomycotina_Z_pa_my_sw_sl_so/Rhizopus_mature_zyg
ospore_tjv.gif
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Zygomycota
Here is the process shown in Phycomyces
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Zygomycota
/Zycomycotina_Z_pa_my_sw_sl_so/Zygomycota_Phycomyc
es_130_d/Early_progametangia.gif
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Zygomycota
/Zycomycotina_Z_pa_my_sw_sl_so/Zygomycota_Phycomyc
es_130_d/Gametangia.gif
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Zygomycota
Here we goone more time in more-natural color
with Rhizopus
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Z
ygomycota/Rhizopus_Progam.jpg
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Zygomycota
plasmogamy of gametes
After karyogamy, the zygote develops into a
zygosporangium.
zygote
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Z
ygomycota/Rhizopus_Zygote.jpg
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Life Cycle of Rhizopus
sporangium
sporangiophore
progame-tangia
coenocytic hypha
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Fungi

• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota

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Ascomycota
Ascomycete fungi germinate from spores to produce
a sepate hypha uninucleate cells. When opposite
mating types contact each other, an ascocarp
(ascoma) is formed from the hyphae of both
types. Between plasmogamy and karyogamy there is
at least a short period during which dikaryotic
(heterokaryotic) cells are made. Ascomycete fungi
are characterized by a zygote with a thin wall
that immediately undergoes meiosis to produce
four meiospores. The life history is thus
nominally zygotic (haplontic). The thin sporocyte
wall is known as an ascus. The meiospores inside
are called ascospores. In some species there is a
mitosis after meiosis so that the ascus may end
up with eight rather than four ascospores. The
simplest form of ascomycetes are
yeastsunicellular!
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Schizosaccharomyces-septate division lasts only
briefly
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/A
scomycota/SCHIZO3.JPG
http//www.umassmed.edu/bmp/graphics/rhindfig1.jpg
Saccharomyces-budding division lasts only briefly
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/A
scomycota/Saccharomyces20Ascus.jpg
http//www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/A
scomycota/Yeast1.jpg
Both types alcoholic fermentation
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Life Cycle of Yeast
karyogamy
plasmogamy
asexual reproduction via mitosis?
budding
asexual reproduction via mitosis?
Whether this is a zygotic or a sporic life cycle
depends upon your interpretation of whether or
not the diploid yeast population is sporophyte.
budding
Whether this is a gametic or a sporic life cycle
depends upon your interpretation of whether or
not the haploid yeast population is gametophyte.
mitosis
ascus
meiosis
8 ascospores in ascus
Conclusion either both gametic and zygotic with
asexual reproduction or sporic without
multicellularity
4 meiotic products in ascus
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ascogenous hyphae (dikaryotic)
Life Cycle of Sordaria
apical cells form croziers (see below)
plasmogamy
trichogyne
ascogonium (heterokaryotic)
ascogonium
haploid cells make ascocarp (perithecium)
crozier
ascogenous hypha
septate hypha
ascus 2N
karyogamy
meiosis
Whether this is a zygotic or a sporic life cycle
depends upon your interpretation of whether or
not ascogenous hyphae are sporophyte or not.
mitosis
8 ascospores in ascus
4 meiotic products in ascus
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Ascomycota
In Sordaria the ascocarp is a peritheciummade of
haploid hyphae
http//www.csupomona.edu/jcclark/classes/bot125/r
esource/graphics/t/asc_sor_asc.jpg
Terminal cell karyogamy, then meiosis, then
mitosisso asci have 8 ascospores.
http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/dic/
dicgallery/images/sordarialarge.jpg
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Ascomycota
Unlike the zygomycetes, the bulk of the
ascomycete mycelium consists of haploid septate
hyphaeone nucleus in each cell.
http//www.uoguelph.ca/gbarron/GILL20FUNGI/SPECI
AL/specia1.jpg
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meiosis I and II mitosis
Ascomycota
When the opposite mating types have a different
allele in a spore color gene, the sorting through
meiosis can be apparent.
recombinant
parental
http//www.biology87.org/apbio/heredity/lab/1.jpg
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Ascomycota
Peziza makes an apothecium with surface hymenium
http//www.pilzfotopage.de/Ascomyceten/images/Pezi
za20badia.jpg
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Morchella a gourmet-quality ascocarp with a
convoluted hymenium
The common name is the morel mushroom
http//www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/Morchella_delici
osa(fs-01).jpg
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Ascomycota Morchella deliciosa
Here you see an enlargement of the hymenium in
two stages The second enlargement shows the asci
with 8 ascospores
http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/img/Botany_13
0/Diversity/Fungi/Ascomycota/Morchella.jpg
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Ascomycota Tuber is commonly known as the
truffle
This ascocarp is a subterranean
cleistothecium Dogs and Pigs are used to locate
them More expensive per ounce than gold!
http//www.mykoweb.com/CAF/photos/Tuber_rufum(fs-0
1).jpg