boy'valenzayahoo'com

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(boy.valenza_at_yahoo.com) ?
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Economic Importance

• Heliothis armigera is an important pest of cotton
  and many other crops in many countries (Gujar et
  al., 2000).
• In India, losses were estimated to exceed US 500
  million in the late 1980s with an additional US
  127 million spent on insecticides annually (CAB,
  2006)

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Global Distribution
(Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Oceania)?
(EPPO, 2006)?
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Host Plants

• The most important crop hosts
• tomato,
• cotton,
• pigeon pea,
• chickpea,
• sorghum,
• cowpea.

• Others
• tobacco,
• corn,
• peppers,
• potatoes,
• sunflowers,
• soybeans,
• alfalfa,
• beans and other Fabaceae,
• a number of fruit (citrus,prunus),
• forest trees
• ornamental plants and flowers.

(Hill,1983)?
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Biology (Life Cycle)?

• 4-6 weeks from egg to adult in summer
• 8-12 weeks in spring or autumn

(Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Notes, 2006.)?
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Eggs development

• hatch in about three days during warm weather
  (25 C average) and 610 days in cooler
  conditions

eggs change from white to brown to a black-head
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Larvae development

• Larvae develop through six growth stages
  (instars)?
• Larvae become fully grown in 23 weeks in summer
  or 46 weeks in spring or autumn

Age of larvae shown is for larvae reared at a
constant 25 C only
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Pupae

• Pupae will normally develop to produce a moth in
  1016 days.
• The duration of pupation is determined by
  temperature, taking around two weeks in summer
  and up to six weeks in spring and autumn

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Imago (Moth)?

• Moths feed on nectar.
• They live for around 10 days during which time
  females lay 1000 eggs.
• Eggs are laid singly, or in clusters, on leaves,
  flower buds, flowers and developing fruits, and
  sometimes on stems and growing points

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Symptoms
On Cotton
Bore holes on cotton bolls
pictures sources www.pakissan.com
www.jnkvv.nic.in
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Symptoms
On Tomato
Bore holes on tomatoes
pictures source www.avrdc.org
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Symptoms
On chickpea and cowpea
flower buds
Leaves and pods
pictures source www.ikisan.com
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Control
Organic Farm
Modern Farm
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Modern Farm (by using pesticides)?

• Most insecticide applications are targeted at
  larval stages
• Controlling First-Second instars
• Use alternating insecticides from a different
  chemical groups to minimize selection for
  resistance.
• Carbaryl (Carbamates) or Endosulfan
  (Organochlorides).

(Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Notes, 2006.)?
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Organic Farm (without using pesticides)?

• lynx spider,
• predatory shield bug,
• green lacewing larva,
• red and blue beetle

By Using Predators
(Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Notes, 2006.)?
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Organic Farm (without using pesticides)?

• Small wasp (Microplitis)?
• Large parasitoid wasps (Netelia)?
• Flies (Carcelia)?

By Using Parasitoids
(Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Notes, 2006.)?
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Organic Farm (without using pesticides)?

• Nucleopolyhedro -virus (NPV)?
• Fungal pathogens (Metarhizium, Nomurea and
  Beauvaria ).
• Bacterial toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis

By Using Pathogens
(Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Notes, 2006.)?
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Organic Farm (without using pesticides)?

• For pest intensity identification
• To trap the male moths

By Using Pheronome Traps
(Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Notes, 2006.)?
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Organic Farm (without using pesticides)?

• By managing weeds
• (Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
  Notes, 2006.)?

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Organic Farm (without using pesticides)?

• ?By planting Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
• (Fitt, 2004)?

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References

• CAB International, 2006. Crop Protection
  Compendium. Wallingford, UK CAB International.
• Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
  Notes. 2006. IPM - Understanding Helicoverpa
  ecology and biology in southern Queensland Know
  the enemy to manage it better Queensland
  Government. Australia. http//www2.dpi.qld.gov.a
  u
• EPPO, 2006. Distribution maps of Quarantine
  Pests. Helicoverpa armigera. On-line available at
• www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Helicoverpa_armig
  era/HELIAR_map.htm
• Fitt, G Wilson, L Mensah, R and Daly, J.
  2004. Advances with Integrated Pest Management as
  a component of sustainable agriculture the case
  of the Australian cotton industry. Proceedings of
  the 4th International Crop Science Congress. 26
  Sep 1 Oct 2004. Brisbane, Australia.
• Gujar, G. T., Kumari, A., Kalia, V and
  Chandrashekar, K., 2000. Spatial and temporal
  variation in susceptibility of the American
  bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, (Hubner) to
  Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in India.
  Current Science, 78 (8) 995-1000
• Hill, Dennis S. 1983. Agricultural insect pests
  of the tropics and their control. Cambridge
  University Press, Cambridge.

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