Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 6th Ed

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

• Chapter 12
• Personality
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers
• Modified by Nancy Hague, PhD

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What is Personality?

• Personality
• an individuals characteristic pattern of
  thinking, feeling, and acting

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What is Personality?

• Personality
• basic perspectives
• Psychoanalytic
• Humanistic

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Freuds theory proposed that childhood sexuality
  and unconscious motivations influence personality

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Psychoanalysis
• Freuds theory of personality that attributes our
  thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and
  conflicts
  
• techniques used in treating psychological
  disorders by seeking to expose and interpret
  unconscious tensions

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Free Association
• in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the
  unconscious
  
• person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind,
  no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Unconscious
• according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
  unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and
  memories
  
• expressed in dreams, habits, slips of tongue,
• bungled actions, troubling symptoms

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The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Unconscious
• contemporary viewpoint- information processing of
  which we are unaware

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Personality Structure

• Id
• has unconscious psychic energy
• strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive
  drives
  
• operates on the pleasure principle, demanding
  immediate gratification
  
• behavior of infants is controlled by id

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Personality Structure

• Superego
• internalized ideals
• provides standards for judgment (the conscience)
  and for future aspirations
  
• inhibits impulsive action

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Personality Structure

• Ego
• the largely conscious, executive part of
  personality
  
• mediates among the demands of the id, superego,
  and reality
  
• operates on the reality principle, satisfying the
  ids desires in ways that will realistically
  bring pleasure rather than pain

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Personality Structure

• Freuds idea of the minds structure

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Motivational conflict

• a Freudian example of motivational conflict id
  vs. superego as mediated by the ego

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Personality Development

• Psychosexual Stages
• the childhood stages of development during which
  the ids pleasure-seeking energies focus on
  distinct erogenous zones
  
• fixation at early stages was said to be
  associated with problems typical of that stage
  
• l

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Personality Development

• Conflicts of Psychosexual Stages
• Oral-preoccupation with oral acquisition,
  dependency
  
• Anal-preoccupation with neatness or the opposite
• Phallic- overt sexual behavior not acceptable
• Latency
• Genital

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Personality Development
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Personality Development

• Oedipus Complex
• a boys sexual desires toward his mother and
  feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival
  father

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Personality Development

• Identification
• the process by which children incorporate their
  parents values into their developing superegos
  
• Fixation
• a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at
  an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts
  were unresolved

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Defense Mechanisms

• Defense Mechanisms
• the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety
  by unconsciously distorting reality
  
• Repression
• the basic defense mechanism that banishes
  anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
  from consciousness

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Defense Mechanisms

• Repression
• the basic defense mechanism that banishes
  anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
  from consciousness
  
• repression is the defense mechanism that
  underlies all others

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Defense Mechanisms

• Regression
• defense mechanism in which an individual faced
  with anxiety retreats to a more infantile
  psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy
  remains fixated

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Defense Mechanisms

• Reaction Formation
• defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously
  switches unacceptable impulses into their
  opposites
  
• conscious expression of feelings that are the
  opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious
  feelings

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Defense Mechanisms

• Projection
• defense mechanism by which people disguise their
  own threatening impulses by attributing them to
  others
  
• Rationalization
• defense mechanism that offers self-justifying
  explanations in place of the real, more
  threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions

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Defense Mechanisms

• Displacement
• defense mechanism that shifts sexual or
  aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or
  less threatening object or person
  
• as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

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Assessing the Unconscious

• Projective Test
• a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT,
  that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to
  trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
  

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Assessing the Unconscious

• Rorschach Inkblot Test
• the most widely used projective test
• a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann
  Rorschach
  
• seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by
  analyzing their interpretations of the blots

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Neo-Freudians, see p. 436

• Alfred Adler
• Karen Horney
• Carl Jung
• Erik Erikson

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Neo-Freudians

• Whereas Freud emphasized biological drives,
  Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson
  emphasized the importance of social and cultural
  influences

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Neo-Freudians

• Alfred Adler
• importance of inferiority

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Neo-Freudians

• Karen Horney
• basic anxiety and neurotic needs
• sought to balance Freuds masculine biases

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Neo-Freudians

• Carl Jung
• emphasized the collective unconscious
• concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of
  memory traces from our species history

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Neo-Freudians

• Erik Erikson
• Emphasized psychosocial development across the
  lifespan

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Humanistic Perspective

• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• studied self-actualization processes of
  productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)

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Humanistic Perspective

• Self-Actualization
• the ultimate psychological need that arises after
  basic physical and psychological needs are met
  and self-esteem is achieved
  
• the motivation to fulfill ones potential

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Humanistic Perspective

• Carl Rogers
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• an attitude of total acceptance toward another
  person involving genuineness, acceptance, and
  empathy
  

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Humanistic Perspective

• Carl Rogers
• ideal self vs. actual self

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Humanistic Perspective

• Humanistic perspective has been criticized for
  underestimating human capacity for evil and
  destructiveness

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Contemporary Research Measuring Personality

• Personality Inventory
• a questionnaire (often with true-false or
  agree-disagree items) on which people respond to
  items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings
  and behaviors
• used to assess selected personality traits

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Measuring Personality/ Psychopathology

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  (MMPI)
  
• the most widely researched and clinically used of
  all personality tests
  
• originally developed to identify emotional
  disorders (still considered its most appropriate
  use)
  
• now used for many other screening purposes

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Measuring Personality/ Psychopathology

• Empirically Derived Test
• a test developed by testing a pool of items and
  then selecting those that discriminate between
  groups
  
• such as the MMPI

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Measuring Personality/ Psychopathology

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  (MMPI) test profile

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Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective

• Trait
• a characteristic pattern of behavior
• a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by
  self-report inventories and peer reports

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Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective

• Gordon Allport
• After interview with Freud, became pioneer in
  trait theory
  

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The Trait Perspective

• Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary
  personality factors as axes for describing
  personality variation

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The Trait Perspective
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Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective

• Big five was derived through factor analysis

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Person-Situation Debate

• consistency of traits across situations
• importance of traits vs.
• importance of situations

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Personality and Barnum effect

• P. T. Barnum quote
• Theres a sucker born every minute.
• explains acceptance of crystal-ball predictions

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Social-Cognitive Perspective
• views behavior as influenced by the interaction
  between persons and their social context
  
• Reciprocal Determinism
• the interacting influences between personality
  and environmental factors
  

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Social-Cognitive Perspective
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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Personal Control
• our sense of controlling our environments rather
  than feeling helpless
  
• External Locus of Control
• the perception that chance or outside forces
  beyond ones personal control determine ones fate

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Internal Locus of Control
• the perception that one controls ones own fate
• Learned Helplessness
• the hopelessness and passive resignation an
  animal or human learns when unable to avoid
  repeated aversive events

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Learned Helplessness

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Personal Control
• our sense of controlling our environments rather
  than feeling helpless
  
• particularly important when we have experienced a
  loss of control (for example, through illness)

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Positive Psychology
• the scientific study of optimal human
  functioning
  
• aims to discover and promote conditions that
  enable individuals and communities to thrive

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Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Optimism
• When is it helpful?
• When is it harmful?

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Exploring the Self

• Spotlight Effect
• overestimating others noticing and evaluating our
  appearance, performance, and blunders
  
• Self Esteem
• ones feelings of high or low self-worth
• Self-Serving Bias
• readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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Exploring the Self

• Self-esteem
• ones feelings of high or low self-worth
• correlation between low self-esteem and life
  problems
  
• unrealistically high self-esteem associated with
  excessive aggressiveness

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Exploring the Self

• Self-Serving Bias
• tendency to accept more personal responsibility
  for successes than for failures

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Exploring the Self

• Individualism
• giving priority to ones own goals over group
  goals and defining ones identity in terms of
  personal attributes rather than group
  identifications
• Collectivism
• giving priority to the goals of ones group
  (often ones extended family or work group) and
  defining ones identity accordingly

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Exploring the Self