Vertical%20distribution

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Vertical distribution
Chapter 16

• Lin Yuan-Shao, Cao Wen-Qing and Guo Dong-Hui
• 2004. 6. 3

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• This chapter includes there parts of section
• 16.1 Vertical distribution in phytoplankton
• 16.2 Vertical distribution in zooplankton

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Vertical distribution in phytoplankton
16.1

• Studies on the different layers of water shows
  much variation in the distribution of the
  phytoplankton and it becomes scarce in deep
  layers.
• Some examples on vertical distribution in
  phytoplankton are given bellow.

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Quantitative distribution of coccolithophorids as
a function of depth, in May 1901, Mediterranean
In this example the coccolithophores, which
become rare below 100m, disappear completely at
more than 500m depth.
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Vertical distribution of the five most abundant
species of phytoplankton at Crawford, NY, 1960
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Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (shaded)
and density (dashed) of phaeophytin in Japan
,132oE)
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(No Transcript)
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Nutrient vertical distribution in Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific Oceans
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• From the examples above, we can see
• phytoplankton must have adequate light for
  photosynthesis and can develop only in the upper
  layers (photic zone).
• Phytoplankton is not most abundant in the
  superficial water, where light intensity is
  greatest.
• Many of the phytoplanktonic organisms,
  particularly diatoms cannot move independently
  and so tend to sink. Those with a high density
  will, therefore, remain below the level of high
  production.
• Photosynthesis requires an optimal light
  intensity. The light intensity at superficial
  layer may have strongly light, and UV
  (ultra-violet) may damage some biological
  molecules and affect the process of
  photosynthesis.

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Vertical distribution in zooplankton
16.2

• The distribution of the Euphausiacea in the North
  Atlantic sets an excellent example of vertical
  distribution in zooplankton.

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Schematic representation of the vertical and
horizontal distribution of a North Atlantic
Enphausiid, on a north-south section passing by
iceland
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• The copepod, Anomalocera patersoni, is found in
  the first meter under the surface. The copepod
  may be very much reduced, as is the case with
  elements which belong to the pleuston and the
  hyponeuston

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• Vertical distribution of the zooplankton biomass
  in coast of Frence.
• (1 Spring 2 Summer)

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Relationship between zooplankton biomass and depth

• may be expressed by a logarithmic relation.
• Log y a kz
• When y is the biomass (in wet weight) z is the
  depth, a is a constant and k is a coefficient of
  decrease.
• on a natural basis this gives (a log a)
• y a e kz
• in the region of the abyssal of the Kurile
  and Kamchatka Trenches, the biomass is several
  hundreds of mg/m3 at surface, but only tenths
  (1/10) of a mg/m3 at a depth of 7000-8000m, and
  the changes are represented by the following
  equation
• Y 56.2 e -0.00065z

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A general vertical change in the plankton biomass
from north to south of the Pacific Ocean, with
poverty in the tropical water at all levels as
distinct from the richness beyond 40oN and 40oS