The Republic of South Africa

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The Republic of South Africa

• Colonization from Europe 1600s
• Portuguese
• Dutch, English French
• Valued the Cape as a strategic outpost to the
  empires East
• East India Company Dutch sailor base

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Languages

• Afrikaans the language of the Afrikaner is a
  simplified version of the language of Holland.
• Afrikaans and English are the two official
  languages of South Africa
• Native languages include Zulu, Xhosa, Pedi,
  Tswana, Sotho, Tsonga, Swati, Venda, Ndebele

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Colonization, etc.

• Dutch first to overwhelm native Africans by
  seizing cattle, streams, and land
• Natives became slaves to the Dutch
• As British came in (1806 permanent control),
  Dutch (Boers, Afrikaners), moved northward
  (1830s) in protest of the British and found gold
  and diamonds near the Orange and Vaal rivers
  (victory over Zulu)
• Africans became miners and built Shanty Towns

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The white men come to Shanty Town. They take
photographs of us
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Colonization, etc.

• British gained control of mining areas in 1871.
• This led to a sequence of bitter conflicts and
  savage fighting between the Dutch and the
  British, as well as with the native chiefdoms in
  defense of their lands.

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Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902

• British forces captured Dutch capitals
• Guerrilla warfare - phase when Boer forces
  regrouped after the fall of Pretoria (one of the
  capitals) and carried on conflict until
  reluctantly signing a treaty accepting British
  peace terms in May 1902

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Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902

• The war affected ALL South Africans
• Boer concentration camps, eviction and torching
  by the British
• African concentration camps, labor tasks of
  British Army
• Boers raided Africans for food
• On rare occasions Africans attacked Boer commandos

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Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902

• Africans forced to give back land that was
  reclaimed from the Dutch during Anglo pressure
• British granted constitutions that gave
  Afrikaners (Dutch) political control of
  ex-republics --- stay in white hands

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The Union of South Africa

• AFRIKANERDOM
• Subject to the King
• British gave self-rule to Boer territories and
  recognized both Afrikaans and English as national
  languages
• Dutch NATIONAL PARTY gained majority in 1948 and
  in fearing the black majority came up with the
  policy of APARTHEID.

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What is Apartheid?

• Fearing domination by the black majority, the
  Afrikaner National Party introduced a policy of
  separate development, which became known as
  apartheid.

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Goals of Apartheid

• To fabricate a permanent white political majority
  by purging the voters role of all Africans
• To create homelands for Africans for the purpose
  of total segregation
• To enforce a national register Sorting the
  populace into racial categories
• Aim eliminate irregular categories by a
  total ban on interracial marriages

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Goals of Apartheid

• To enforce pass books to control freedom
• To place economic power in white hands
• Job color bar to direct natives to their own
  areas
• INDUSTRIAL DECENTRALIZATION
• Industry set up on borders of homelands so black
  and white employees could travel from opposite
  sides

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The Overthrow of Apartheid

• African National Congress (ANC) 1912
• Nelson Mandela

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• "I have fought against white domination, and I
  have fought against black domination. I have
  cherished the ideal of a democratic and free
  society in which all persons live together in
  harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an
  ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve.
  But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am
  prepared to die. -- Nelson Mandela