Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination

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In-Groups/Out-Groups

• Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination

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In-Groups vs. Out-Groups
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Reasons for Rivalries

• Geographic Proximity
• Frequent Meetings in Important Games
• Events that Increased tension between groups
• Pre-existing Social and Political Tensions

• 10 Great Sporting Rivalries

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Football FSU vs. UF

• Two Oldest Public Universities in Florida
• One or both of them often highly ranked
• (1994) Choke at Doak Game
• 28 Points from FSU in the last quarter to tie
  game 31-31
• The Comeback - FSU vs. UF

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Feeding an Old RivalryAuburn vs. Alabama

• Roll Tide/War Eagle
• The Iron Bowl
• Alabama vs. Auburn
• 1893
• SEC Division
• Rivalries and In-Group Bias.

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Case Study Barcelona Real Madrid

• Barcelona - Real Madrid
• Why could this rivalry be considered more than
  just a soccer match? Provide details from the
  video.
• How has the rivalry changed over time?

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Case Study AC Milan vs. Inter Milan

• Italian Derby
• Inter first allowed players from other countries
  to play when AC Milan wouldnt
• Differences have dissipated since their first
  match in 1908, but tension remains.

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Case Study The Old FirmCeltic F.C. vs. Rangers
F.C.

• Celtic vs. Rangers - More than a Game
• Location Glasgow, Scotland
• Roots of Conflict
• National Identity Native Scots (Rangers) Scots
  Irish (Celtic)
• Religious Affiliation Protestants (Rangers)
  Catholics (Celtic)
• Video
• The Football Wars

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Case Study Rivalries and HistoryAli vs. Frazier

• (1971)Fight of the Century
• Both undefeated
• Extension of tension in the country
• Ali came to represent the movement against
  Vietnam. Frazier became symbol for conservative
  America
• Frazier won.
• (1974) Rematch Ali won.
• (1975) Final Fight Ali won in the Philippines
• Frazier vs. Ali - Rivals

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Case Study Rivalries and History Miracle On Ice

• Sport Hockey
• U.S vs. Soviet Union
• Key Match 1980 Winter Olympic Games Semifinal
• Importance
• Cold War Era
• Competition between countries.
• U.S as the underdog story.
• Miracle On Ice

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Case Study India vs. PakistanSports as a
microcosm of the world

• India-Pakistan Conflict
• Fight over region of Kashmir.
• Both countries have nuclear weapons
• Conflict Analysis - India vs. Pakistan
• Tension in the India/Pakistan border
• Rivalry in Sports
• How do people live the rivalry?

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Group Behavior Affects ConflictConformity to
our Group

• Important Studies
• Solomon Asch
• Group Pressure
• Stanley Milgram
• Obedience to Authority
• Irving Janis
• Groupthink the tendency of group members to
  conform by adopting a narrow view of some issue.

• How are group pressure, obedience to authority
  and groupthink part of our allegiance as fans to
  a team?

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Asch Experiment
. 
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65 of subjects administered what they thought
was lethal voltage on the shock machine. Milgram
described the dilemma as a conflict between
conscience and authority.
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Groupthink
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I Think, You Think, We ThinkGroupthink

• Groupthink the desire for harmony or conformity
  in the group results in an incorrect or deviant
  decision-making outcome. Characteristics of
  groupthink include
• Illusion of invulnerability
• Collective rationalization
• Belief in inherent morality
• Stereotyped views of out-groups
• Direct pressure on dissenters
• Self-censorship
• Illusion of unanimity
• Self-appointed mindguards

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Groupthink Illusion of Invulnerability

• Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking
  extreme risks.

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Groupthink Collective Rationalization

• Members discount warnings and do not reconsider
  their assumptions.

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Groupthink Belief in Inherent Morality

• Belief that whatever the group does it will be
  right as they all know the difference between
  right and wrong.
• Tendency to overlook the consequences of what
  they decide.
• Are we born good people or is morality taught?

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Groupthink Stereotyped views of out-groups

• Negative views of those who are different creates
  conflict.
• Question Are we born to hate or are we taught to
  hate?

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Groupthink Direct Pressure on Dissenters

• Members are under pressure not to express
  arguments against any of the groups views.

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Groupthink Self-censorship

• Doubts and deviations from the perceived group
  consensus are not expressed
• Why could self-censorship be problematic on the
  long run?

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Groupthink Illusion of unanimity

• The majority view and judgments are assumed to be
  unanimous.

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Groupthink Self-appointed mindguards

• Member of a group who serves as an informational
  filter, providing limited information to the
  group and, consciously or subconsciously,
  utilizing a variety of strategies to control
  dissent

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IN-GROUPS and OUT-GROUPS

• We all see only that which we are trained to
  see. 

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In-Groups and Out-Groups

• Social Identity
• Social categorization divide world into in-group
  (us) and out-group (them)
• When do we start categorizing?
• Video - Categorization at a Young Age?

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In-Groups and Out-groups

• Sport rivalries feed on the distinctions between
  in-groups and out-groups. So do other conflicts.
• An in-group is a social group commanding a
  members esteem and loyalty it is the one we
  identify with.
• An out-group is a social group toward which one
  feels competition or opposition.
• In-group bias view our own group more favorably

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Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown
eyesIn-Groups vs. Out-Groups

• 3rd Grade Teacher Jane Elliott
• Experiment conducted on the days after Martin
  Luther King assassination (1968)
• Wanted to explain discrimination to 8 year olds.
• Experiment deals with stereotypes, prejudice,
  discrimination, and the creation of in-group
  bias.

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Glossary

• Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are
  thought to be characteristic of members of
  particular groups. A mental image or judgment of
  a group based on opinion without regard to
  individual differences. They can be either
  positive or negative.
• ex. Women are nurturing, car salesmen are
  dishonest
• Prejudice - A negative judgment or opinion formed
  about a group without knowledge of the facts.
• Discrimination - Treating someone less favorably
  based on the group, class or category they belong
  to. Discrimination is prejudice in action.

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Stereotypes

• A mental image of a group based on opinion
  without regard to individual differences.
• Oversimplification or exaggeration about a group
  of people
• They can be either positive or negative.
• If individuals differ from stereotype, they are
  treated as exceptions.

• Which of these stereotypes are attributed to
  males and which ones to females?
• Aggressive
• Dependent
• Easily Influenced
• Dominant
• Passive
• Home-oriented
• Talkative
• Tough
• Rarely Cries
• Emotional
• Cruel

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Examples of Stereotypes

• People
• Mothers serving meals to their families
• Boys playing with action figures
• Men working on their cars
• Things and Places
• All inner cities are corrupt and sinful
• Small towns are safe and clean

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Prejudice

• A negative judgment or opinion formed about a
  group without sufficient knowledge
• It is the attitude that we have towards other
  groups
• It is based on stereotypes

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Forms of Prejudice

• Sexism prejudice based on a persons biological
  gender
• Racism prejudice based on a persons ethnicity
• Sectarianism prejudice based on a persons
  religious background and/or political beliefs
• Homophobia prejudice based on a persons sexual
  orientation
• Disability Prejudice Prejudice based on a
  persons physical or mental abilities
• Ageism prejudice based on a persons age
• What forms of prejudice are more preponderant in
  society today?

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Sexism

• Prejudice based on a persons biological gender
• Belief that one sex is by nature superior to
  another

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Sexism and the Wage Gap

• Level of womens income relative to that of men.
• 1960s women earned 60 cents for every dollar
  earned by men
• Today women earn 77-80 cents for every dollar
  earned by men

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Sexism and the Glass Ceiling

• Invisible barrier that prevents women from
  gaining upper-level positions in business

• Women and Sports Journalism
• Males Is there prejudice towards womens
  opinions in sports? What about other topics?
• Females Do you feel any prejudice when voicing
  your opinions about sports? What about other
  topics?

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Disability Prejudice

• Discuss
• Do you think professional sports should strive to
  incorporate people with disabilities in their
  competitions or should it provide more
  competitions for disabled people?

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Ageism

• Ageism in Work Interviews
• Prejudice based on a persons age.
• How does ageism affect you?
• How does ageism affect athletes, both old and
  young?

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Nazi Germany Olympic Games (1936)

• German Olympic Games
• Why did Germany wanted to host the Olympic Games
  in 1936?
• Why could this event be considered as more than
  just a sporting event?

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Homophobia

• Prejudice based on a persons sexual orientation
• Homophobia in the Russian Olympic Games
• Is it the governments role to defend those who
  are being discriminated by other nations?
• What is the role of athletes in this debate? Some
  say they should boycott the Games. Do you agree
  with it?

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Forms of Prejudice

• Come up with at least one real life example for
  any three of the following forms of prejudice
• Sexism
• Racism
• Sectarianism
• Homophobia
• Disability prejudice
• Ageism

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Sourcing the Problem
Stereotypes, Ideas, and Beliefs
Attitudes and Emotions
Prejudice
Discrimination
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Discrimination

• Discrimination is the unfair treatment of an
  individual because of his/her membership of a
  particular group
• Discrimination is prejudice in action

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Robert Merton Patterns of Prejudice and
Discrimination

• The Active Bigot
• Prejudiced and Openly discriminatory
• The Timid Bigot
• Prejudiced, but is afraid to discriminate because
  of societys pressures

• The Fair-Weather Liberal
• Not prejudiced but discriminates anyway because
  of societys pressures
• The All-Weather Liberal
• Not prejudiced and does not discriminate

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Direct and Indirect Discrimination
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Direct vs. Indirect Discrimination

• Direct discrimination happens when someone is
  treated unfavorably because of a personal
  characteristic protected by the law.
• Example An employer advises an employee that
  they will not be trained to work on new machinery
  because they are too old to learn new skills. The
  employer has discriminated against the employee
  by denying them training in their employment on
  the basis of their age.

• Indirect discrimination
• an unreasonable requirement, condition or
  practice is imposed that disadvantages a person
  or group because of a personal characteristic.
• Example A store requires customers to produce
  photographic identification in the form of a
  drivers license before collecting an order. This
  may disadvantage a person with a vision
  impairment who is not eligible to hold a drivers
  license.

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Discrimination in Society

• Legal Discrimination
• System of laws in a society allows for
  discrimination to occur
• Ex. Apartheid in South Africa
• Laws in South Africa distinguished political,
  economic, and legal rights of white and non-white
  South Africans
• Apartheid Laws

• Institutionalized Discrimination
• When discrimination and inequality become part of
  the social structure
• No necessity for dominant group to intentionally
  dominate minority group.
• More difficult to change because it runs deeper
  than the laws created.
• White Privilege the advantages that whites
  receive because of their skin color.
• Accumulation of Wealth

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Case Study South Africa Under Apartheid

• It was a system of government in South Africa
  from 1948 to 1990.
• This Afrikaans word means separation the whites
  were separated from the black Africans and
  minorities.
• The white minority ruled the country and the
  black majority did not have many rights.

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How did the world react to Apartheid?

• A lot of countries boycotted South Africa during
  Apartheid they refused to buy its products.
• Film and pop stars refused to perform in South
  Africa

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Sports Against Apartheid

• South Africa was absent from international sport
  events for most of the apartheid era due to
  sanctions
• A lot of teams and champions refused to compete
  either in South Africa or against South Africa

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Nelson Mandela

• He was the most important anti-apartheid leader
• He spent 27 years in prison for his ideas
• In 1994 he became the first black president after
  the first free elections in South Africa.
• Used sports as a way to unite the country,
  especially the 1995 Rugby World Cup

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Intergroup Relations

• How do cultures deal with different groups?
• From Acceptance to Extermination

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Intergroup Relations

• Treatment of different groups varies from culture
  to culture and has varied over time
• Examples
• Cultural Pluralism
• Assimilation
• Legal Protection
• Subjugation
• Segregation
• Population Transfer
• Extermination

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Cultural Pluralism vs. Assimilation

• Cultural Pluralism exists when groups maintain
  their individual identities.
• In a pluralistic society, groups remain separate,
  and their cultural and social differences persist
  over time.

• Assimilation is a process in which formerly
  distinct and separate groups come to share a
  common culture and merge together socially.
• As a society undergoes assimilation, differences
  among groups begin to decrease.
• Names Offer Path to Cultural Assimilation

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Legal Protection

• Minority Rights protected by law.
• Ex. Affirmative Action Programs Efforts to
  correct past imbalances in educational and
  employment opportunities for minority groups.
• Give preference to minorities
• Critics believe it is a form of reverse
  discrimination

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Legal Protection in Sports

• The Rooney Rule - 2003
• Requires NFL teams to interview minority
  candidates for head coaching and senior football
  operations
• 2003 Detroit Lions fined 200,000 for not
  interviewing minority candidates
• NFL Coaches

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Case Study Alcorn State UniversityFirst White
Head Football Coach

• Video

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Segregation and Subjugation

• Subjugation
• Dominant group controls every aspect of minority
  group life through force
• Segregation
• Minority group is physically separated from
  dominant group
• Example U.S. 1960s
• Jackie Robinson
• 1966 - Kentucky vs. Texas Western

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Population Transfer

• Dominant group moves minority group to new
  locations within or outside the country
• Terezin Soccer League
• Terezin Ghetto
• Jewish people played soccer
• 160,000 Jews lived there
• 4,000 survived

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Extermination

• Dominant group attempts to destroy minority group
• Ex. The Holocaust
• Auschwitz Extermination Camp
• Nazi Germany
• Genocide when the goal of extermination is the
  destruction of a national, racial, ethnic or
  religious group

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Extermination Case StudyRwandan Genocide

• April 1994
• Fight between two ethnic groups
• Hutu majority conducted mass killings of Tutsi
  minority
• Around 800,000 people were killed over a period
  of 100 days