DISEASE SITUATION IN EUROPEAN SALMONID AQUACULTURE

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DISEASE SITUATION IN EUROPEAN SALMONID
AQUACULTURE
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Contents

• Major Diseases of Salmon in fresh and sea water
  Ranking Up or Down? -
  Norway - Scotland
• Can we track the spread?
• Conclusions?

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Atlantic Salmon Production Figures (2006)
Faroes recovering after ISA problems.
Produced 10 000t in 2006. Expect to produce 30
000t in 2008 (were producing 50 000t before
ISA in 2003)
Eire produced 10 000t in 2006. Decreasing
since 2001 (22 000t) mainly due to PD (
economic impacts)
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Rainbow Trout Freshwater Production
Eastern Europe expanding rapidly 250 000
tonnes (1 billion fish)
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Rainbow Trout Seawater Production
80 000 tonnes
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Main Freshwater Diseases (Salmon) Ranking

• Scotland
• RTFS
• IPN
• ERM
• Whitespot
• Furunculosis
• Saprolegnia
• PKD

• Norway
• IPN!!
• Deformities
• Saprolegnia
• Winter Sores
• ERM
• Furunculosis

Ranking- based on a combination of factors
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Main Freshwater Diseases (Salmon) Up or Down?

• Scotland RTFS ?? IPN
  ?? ERM ? Whitespot Furunculosis
  Saprolegnia ? PKD

• Norway IPN ??? Deformities ?? Saprolegnia
  ? Winter sores ERM Furunculosis

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Main Freshwater Diseases Norwegian Salmon

• IPN biggest freshwater disease problem by
  far (70 fry susceptible?) with mortality of 2
  90! 2006 was worst year since 2001 Dealt
  with by water temperature regulation (to speed
  up and get rid of the problem) increase
  temperature to 20oC Big focus on water quality
  good husbandry In 2007 started using IPN Oral
  vaccine
• Deformities backbone, heart, operculum, jaw
  Some conditions have improved with better
  husbandry (better understanding of water
  temperature effect at hatching and in
  early fry stages)

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Main Freshwater Diseases Norwegian Salmon

• Saprolegnia in broodstock/egg production
  hatcheries (not a big problem in hatcheries
  receiving eyed eggs) Solved with UV and
  filtration largely under control
• Winter sores in fingerling sites using
  seawater (5 susceptible?) partly solved by
  reduction of seawater and injection
  vaccination
• ERM (only 2-3 hatcheries) (partly) solved
  by immersion vaccination
• Furunculosis (only in 1 or 2 hatcheries) imme
  rsion vaccination now used

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Main Freshwater Diseases Scottish Salmon

• RTFS gt 50 of fish affected in
  hatcheries? controlled by antibiotic use
  Florocol - autologous vaccine?
• IPN gt 20 of fish affected in
  hatcheries (and freshwater Lochs?) and
  increasing
• ERM up to 40 of fish affected? solved by
  immersion vaccination for Type 1 (Hagerman)
  strain - gives some benefit against Type
  2s?
• Furunculosis 5 10 of fish affected solved
  by immersion vaccination

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Main Freshwater Diseases Scottish Salmon

• Whitespot lt5 of fish affected? controlled
  with Formalin treatments
• Saprolegnia much less of an issue than in the
  past (was a major problem post-vaccination
  with some injectable vaccines) improved
  husbandry? controlled with Pisces (eggs
  fry), formalin (fry)
• PKD 20 fish affected (but 40 of freshwater
  Lochs) has become a much bigger problem since
  the ban on malachite green (was routinely used
  in the summer months to control Saprolegnia in
  freshwater lochs)

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Main Seawater Diseases (Salmon) - Ranking

• Scotland
• Sea Lice
• Gill Pathologies
• PD etc.
• IPN
• BKD?
• Winter Sores
• SRS

• Norway
• PD
• HSMI
• Gill Pathologies
• Sea Lice
• IPN
• CMS
• Winter Sores

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Main Seawater Diseases(Salmon) Up or Down?

• Norway PD ?? HSMI ?? Gill Path.
  ? Sea Lice ? IPN CMS
  ? Winter Sores ?

• Scotland Sea Lice ? PD etc. ?? Gill
  Path. ? IPN ?? BKD ?? Winter
  Sores SRS

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Pancreas Disease

• caused by Salmonid Pancreas Disease Virus (SPDV)
  atypical a virus (very similar to Sleeping
  Disease virus in Rainbow Trout)
• affects Atlantic salmon Rainbow Trout
  post-smolt, 1-sea winter 2-sea winter fish
• rapid increase in problemsin Norway, Scotland
  Ireland in recent years..

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Spread of EX5

• a new biogroup of Yersinia ruckeri
• 1993 first isolation (Exmoor)1993-2001 only
  11 isolates (from 5 farms)2003 outbreak on 1
  farm in early spring (Feb) with
  farm-wide mortality2004 11 farms
  (geographically diverse) from February
  September2005 16 farms2006 20 farms
  (representing over 50 of UK table trout
  production)2007 24 farms

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EX5 Isolates
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EX5

• Sampling program underway in other European
  countries..
• So far positive isolates confirmed from Eire
  (2005 1 site) France (2006 onwards 19
  isolates geographically diverse) Norway
  (2006/7 1 salmon site motile) Finland (1
  isolate confirmed!)
• What about other countries?

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Lactococcosis

• Lactococcus garvieae (Gram ve)
• Wide range of marine freshwater species
  including Trout (from 50g)
• Summer disease (15oC)
• Linked to environmental/husbandry stressors
• Problem in Italy Spain!!
• External Symptoms erratic swimming, head-up
  posture, anorexia, melanosis, extreme
  exophthalmia (Spectacle Disease), corneal
  opacity, haemorrhage ulceration of eyes
• Internal Symptoms septicaemia, massive
  haemorrhaging in intestine, liver, spleen,
  kidney, swimbladder, ascites

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Lactococcosis
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Spread of Lactococcosis throughout Europe
UK - 2000
?
Brittany - 1999
Pays Basque - 1998
Italy - 1991
Spain - 1995
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Conclusions

• Salmon
• IPN an increasing problem in freshwater
• RTFS an increasing freshwater issue in Scotland
• But the main disease problems affecting the
  industry are in the sea PD! ( associated
  diseases) Sea Lice Gill diseases/pathologies I
  PN? (ISA)

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Conclusions

• Trout
• LOTS of disease problems!
• New disease problems are occurring and are
  rapidly becoming a serious issue in a number of
  countries RTGE (BIG impact in
  Spain) Sleeping Disease RMS Strawberry
  Disease EX5 (on the ascendancy?)
• Will these new trout problems move into salmon?

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The end