Diagnostic Imaging Considerations for Wildlife

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Diagnostic Imaging Considerations for Wildlife

• Mark A. Mitchell DVM, MS, PhD
• University of Illinois
• College of Veterinary Medicine

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Diagnostic imaging

• Non-invasive
• Radiography
• Ultrasonography
• Advanced imaging (CT, MRI)
• Semi-invasive/Invasive
• Endoscopy

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Introduction

• Diagnostic imaging
• Underutilized
• Thorough diagnostic work-up
• Getting started
• learn anatomy
• restraint and anesthesia
• positioning techniques
• Practice, practice, pratice

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Radiographic Equipment

• Machine should be capable of
• short exposure time 1/60 or faster
• high mA- capacity (gt300) better detail
• KvP range 40-100
• bone less radiopaque than mammals
• 2 kVp incremental change

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Radiographic equipment

• Dental radiographs

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Radiographic equipment

• Digital radiography

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Radiographic Equipment

• Film and screens
• High-detail, rare-earth
• Kodak Ektascan EM-1
• gray film
• single emulsion
• slow speed
• more detail
• Kodak T-Mat TML
• black film
• double emulsion
• fast speed
• less detail
• use appropriate size

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Restraint and Immobilization

• Manual vs. Chemical Restraint
• Manual restraint
• physical restraint
• increases stress
• restraint devices
• tubes
• blinders

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Chemical restraint
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Positioning-Birds and Mammals

• Standard
• Dorsoventral or Ventrodorsal
• Lateral

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Positioning-Reptiles

• Chelonians
• dorsoventral
• tortoise in prone position
• measure thickest point between carapace and
  plastron

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Positioning-Reptiles

• Chelonians
• Lateral
• Horizontal beam
• place tortoise on sponge
• cassette in vertical position
• Vertical beam
• fasten tortoise to cassette and position animal
  in vertical position

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Positioning-Reptiles

• Chelonians
• Craniocaudal
• Horizontal beam
• tortoise on sponge
• cassette placed vertically and behind tortoise
• Vertical
• fasten tortoise to cassette

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Avian Radiographic Anatomy

• Respiratory System
• Trachea
• Syrinx
• Lungs
• Air Sacs
• Interclavicular, thoracic, and abdominal air sacs

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Avian Radiographic Anatomy

• Cardiovascular System
• Heart
• right-sided aortic arch
• ascending aorta
• pulmonary arteries
• caudal vena cava

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Avian Radiographic Anatomy

• Gastrointestinal tract
• Crop
• Esophagus
• Proventriculus
• Ventriculus
• Small intestine
• duodenum
• Cloaca

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Avian Radiographic Anatomy

• Viscera
• Liver
• hour-glass
• Spleen
• Kidneys
• Gonads
• obvious during breeding periods

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Avian Radiographic Anatomy

• Skeletal
• Clavicles
• Coracoids
• Appendages
• Normal anatomy

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Avian Radiographs

• Contrast radiographs
• deliver suspension into crop
• Iohexal (25-30 mg/kg)
• 2x as fast as barium
• every 15 minutes
• radiograph over 2-3 hour period

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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Chelonian Radiographic Anatomy

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Chelonian Radiographic Anatomy
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Chelonian Radiographic Anatomy
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Abnormalities
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Radiographic Anatomy
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Radiographic Anatomy
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Radiographic Anatomy
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Radiographic Anatomy
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Mammal Radiographic Anatomy

• Heart
• Point of elbow
• Mustelids
• Caudal to elbow
• Globoid
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Splenomegaly
• Kidneys
• 2 lumbar vertebrae
• adrenal glands
• Urinary system
• Barium 15 ml/kg, 20 solution

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Radiographic Abnormality
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Radiographic Abnormality
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Radiographic Abnormality
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Rodent and Rabbit Radiographic Anatomy

• Teeth
• Tympanic bullae
• Respiratory tract
• reduced size
• Gastrointestinal tract
• prominent cecum
• Urogenital system
• Skeleton

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Ultrasonography

• Value?
• Anatomic size
• Location
• Architecture
• Organs
• Heart
• Liver
• Reproductive
• Bladders
• Kidneys
• GI
• Post-radiographs
• Overall sensitivity?

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Ultrasound
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Pre-follicular
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Endoscopy

• Diagnostic imaging?
• Additional benefits beyond imaging
• Biopsies
• More invasive
• General anesthesia

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Endoscopy

• Rigid endoscopes
• Sizes
• Procedures
• Coelioscopy
• Cloacoscopy
• Upper respiratory
• Oral
• Aural

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Endoscopic sexing
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Endoscopic sexing
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Endoscopy

• Flexible endoscopes
• Sizes variable
• Respiratory tract
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Upper
• Foreign body removal
• Biopsies
• Lower
• Cloacoscopy
• Examine dystocia
• Cystoscopy

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