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Disaster Reduction and Development in
Developing Country
Dr.Yoshiaki KAWATA Director and Professor
Disaster Prevention Research
Institute, Kyoto University
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Natural Disasters in The World
Property damage
No. of the damaged people
No. of the disasters
No. of the dead
thousand
million
billion /Year
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2005 Pakistan earthquake 75,000 dead
No. of the dead
Earthquake magnitude
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Natural Disasters In Asia and Comparison with
World Totals (bracketed figures)
Number of disasters
40 to 50 of the world
(Unit thousand)
Death toll
More than 90 of the world
Number of people affected
75 to about 100 of the world
Property damage
40 to 85 of the world
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Why Natural Disasters Occur?

• External force is larger than physical and social
  resistance force.
  
• In developing country, social vulnerability is
  very large.
  
• Catastrophic disasters will frequently occur in
  developing country.
  
• It is necessary to understand the social
  vulnerability.
  
• Damage amplification factors determined the
  disaster scale.

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Contents of Vulnerability

• Physical vulnerability and social vulnerability
• Physical vulnerability is social infrastructure.
• Social vulnerability is disaster culture.
• Disaster reduction is to reduce vulnerability.
• Vulnerability changes with time and area.
• Disaster vulnerability depends on environmental
  vulnerability.

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Mitigation and Preparedness in Grand Design of
Disaster Reduction

• Disaster Management Cycle (DMC) includes
  mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery
  and reconstruction.
  
• We have to discuss from view point of self help,
  mutual help,public help and international help.
  
• Mutual understanding between developing country
  and developed country
  
• Effective support of international help
• Usable resources in DMC and well-combination of
  technology and social disaster countermeasures
  
• Importance of ownership of developing country,
  evaluation of self help and selective
  investigation through ODA

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Four Misunderstandings in Development Support

• 1.Mainly response activities just after
  disasters
  
• 2.Construction of infrastructures is major
  support.
  
• 3.Public help is major, and self help and mutual
  help are small and exclusive.
  
• 4.Weariness and collusion in support

Self help and mutual help are basic and public
help fills up the advocacy. International help
covers them.
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Basic Solution of Development Support

• Multi functions of disaster reduction equipped in
  ODA. Economic benefit must be accompanied,
  
• 2. Society includes automatic maintenance system
  of any kind of countermeasure. Disaster reduction
  is the most important function in ODA.
  
• 3. Projects must be digested in the society.
• 4. Long period must be needed to get good
  solution.
  

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Not Sustainable Development in Construction of
Hard Countermeasures
Without highly sophisticated systems established
in developed country, it is impossible to
maintain any kind of modern facilities in
developing country.

• Poor understanding of disaster countermeasure
  function(over expectation on modern
  tool),Misunderstanding of construction purpose
  (construction is purpose)
• Neglecting of maintenance cost(deterioration in
  quality in short term, insensible disaster
  reduction mind)
  
• Ignorance against maintenance and monitoring
• Beneficiary exclusively occupies benefit.

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Non Structural Countermeasures

• Countermeasures for long term maintenance of
  structures
  
• Countermeasures for disaster awareness of
  residents
  
• Gathering and communication of weather/climate
  information, understanding of disaster prone
  area
  
• Countermeasures for mitigation such as evacuation
  recommendation and hazard map
  
• Countermeasures for preparedness such as relief
  activities and donation

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Why Disaster Reduction Works Delay (1)

• Poor ability of social leader for politics,
  economics and decision making???he/she can not
  believe that social security in living level has
  top priority in government responsibility , ODA
  from experience
• Responsible person in charge of disasters has
  over/unfair evaluation for scientific and
  engineering technology
  
• Disaster reduction is forgotten, and remains
  unsolved under rapid changes of society

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Why Disaster Reduction Works Delay (2)

• Political leaders can not believe that
  destruction due to war enlarges disaster
  vulnerability
  
• Society is immature and many feudal systems in
  developing country
  
• Simple apply of cost benefit analysis for
  developing country
  
• No disaster reduction strategy or
  misunderstanding of strategy goal setting

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International Support for Capacity Building

• Approach
• Expectation of development effect through
  support
  
• Action of development support for disaster
  reduction
  
• Logic of support intervention
• Purposes are poverty dissolution, social
  development and environmental maintenance
  
• Support Intervention for empowerment of capacity
  building
  
• Project for empowerment of capacity building
• Factors of disaster vulnerability in developing
  country
  

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Shift from Possible Support to Must Support

• Poor expectation of infrastructure without any
  support of social elements
  
• Structure mitigation may disturb traditional
  potential of disaster reduction in the
  community.
  
• Sustainable promotion of adoptable methods in
  developing country
  
• JICA and other organization have promote
  exhibition of overcome mechanism against
  disasters in the community
  
• Promotion of organization, capacity building of
  organization and leaders, improvement of
  livelihood