Unit 1 Study Guide

1
Unit 1 Study Guide

• Questions and Answers
• Population Ecology, Community Interactions, and
  Ecosystems
• Chapters 3, 4, and class notes

2
What and How to Study

• Study the PowerPoint lectures and their review
  questions.
• Read the chapters assigned in the text.
• Know the key vocabulary terms (lists at the end
  of each chapter and/or the glossaries).
• Prepare frequently prior to the test. Review the
  film study questions where applicable.
• These statements apply to all of the unit tests
  and exam.

3
Please Note

• The study guide question project is a work in
  progress, and accordingly, it is incomplete.
  Therefore none of the study question sets should
  be considered a substitute for a complete and
  exhaustive test preparation. This applies to all
  four of the study guide question sets.

4
Question 1

• 1. How did the community respond to the Angel
  Island deer problem?

5
Answer 1

• How did the community respond to the Angel Island
  deer problem?
• The community demanded that the deer be moved
  to the mainland, rather than be killed by
  hunters.

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Question 2

• 2. Ultimately what happen to most of the deer?

7
Answer 2

• 2. Ultimately what happen to most of the deer?
• They died from car impacts, dogs, coyotes, and
  hunters.

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Question 3

• 3. What is there to be learned from the Angel
  Island experience?

9
Answer 3

• 3. What is there to be learned from the Angel
  Island experience?
• Answers will vary.. But many will include an
  element of unexpected consequences.

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Question 4

• 4. Define the term, population.

11
Answer 4

• 4. Define the term, population.
• A group of individuals of the same species
  occupying a given area during a particular period
  of time.

12
Question 5

• 5. What is a population age structure diagram?

13
Answer 5

• 5. What is a population age structure diagram?
• A demographic analytic method that divides a
  population into age categories (often by gender)
  and displays it as a graph.

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Question 6

• 6. A populations ______ _____ includes
  members of the reproductive and pre-reproductive
  age categories.

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Answer 6

• 6. A populations reproductive base includes
  members of the reproductive and pre-reproductive
  age categories.

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Question 7

• 7. Define crude population density.

17
Answer 7

• 7. Define crude population density.
• The number of individuals in some specified
  area of habitat.
• It does not take into consideration the
  distribution of organisms.

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Question 8

• 8. What are two distribution patterns (there are
  three)?

19
Answer 8

• 8. What are two distribution patterns (there are
  three)?
• Clumped
• Random
• Uniform
• (Any two will do.)

20
Question 9

• 9. State two methods of determining population
  size (there are three).

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Answer 9

• 9. State two methods of determining population
  size (there are three).
• Direct counts
• Can sample an area, then extrapolate
• Capture-recapture method

22
Question 10

• 10. What are two rates that increase population
  size?

23
Answer 10

• 10. What are two rates that increase population
  size?
• Birth rate
• Immigration rate

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Question 11

• 11. When is a zero population rate attained?

25
Answer 11

• 11. When is a zero population rate attained?

When births immigration deaths emigration
26
Question 12

• 12. State the Exponential Growth Equation.

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Answer 12

• 12. State the Exponential Growth Equation.
• G rN

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Question 13

• 13. Given G rN, what do the symbols represent?

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Answer 13

• 13. Given G rN, what do the symbols represent?
• G is population growth per unit time
• r is net reproduction per individual per unit
  time
• N is population size

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Question 14

• 14. What type of organisms are r strategists?

31
Answer 14

• 14. What type of organisms are r strategists?
• Weedy species and pioneer species

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Question 15

• 15. State three characteristics of r
  strategists.

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Answer 15

• 15. State three characteristics of r
  strategists.
• Short life
• Rapid growth
• Early maturity
• Many small offspring.
• Little parental care.
• Little investment in individual offspring.
• Adapted to unstable environment.
• Pioneers, colonizers
• Niche generalists
• Prey
• Regulated mainly by extrinsic factors.
• Low trophic level.

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Question 16

• 16. Define biotic potential.

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Answer 16

• 16. Define biotic potential.
• Maximum rate of increase per individual under
  ideal conditions

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Question 17

• 17. What is K?

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Answer 17

• 17. What is K?
• Maximum number of individuals that can be
  sustained in a particular habitat (carrying
  capacity)

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Question 18

• 18. State the logistic equation.

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Answer 18

• 18. State the logistic equation.
• G rmax N ((K-N)/K)

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Question 19

• 19. Given the logistic equation,
• G rmax N (K-N/K)
• What do the symbols stand for?

41
Answer 19

• 19. Given the logistic equation,
• G rmax N (K-N/K)
• What do the symbols stand for?
• G population growth per unit time
• rmax maximum population growth rate per unit
  time
• N number of individuals
• K carrying capacity

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Question 20

• 20.Refering to the former equation, what happens
  to G as N approaches K?

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Answer 20

• 20.Refering to the former equation, what happens
  to G as N approaches K?
• G (growth rate) approaches zero. The population
  stops growing.

44
Question 1

• 1.A(n) ______ is the type of place where
  individuals of a species typically live.

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Answer 1

• 1.A habitat is the type of place where
  individuals of a species typically live.

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Question 2

• 2. All the populations that live together in a
  habitat is known as the _________.

47
Answer 2

• 2. All the populations that live together in a
  habitat is known as the community.

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Question 3

• 3. Cite three (3) factors which shape
  community structure. There are several.

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Answer 3

• 3. Cite three (3) factors which shape community
  structure. There are several.
• Climate and topography
• Available foods and resources
• Adaptations of species in community
• Species interactions
• Arrival and disappearance of species
• Physical disturbances

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Question 4

• 4. Define niche.

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Answer 4

• 4. Define niche.
• Sum of activities and relationships in which a
  species engages to secure and use resources
  necessary for survival and reproduction (Its role
  in the environment).

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Question 5

• 5. What is mutualism? Give an example.

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Answer 5

• 5. What is mutualism? Give an example.
• A close relationship where both species benefit.
• Yucca moth and Yucca

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Question 6

• 6. What is commensalism? Give an example.

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Answer 6

• 6. What is commensalism? Give an example.
• Commensalism helps one species and has no effect
  on the other
• Snail and shrimp

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Question 7

• 7. There are two major types of competition. What
  are they?

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Answer 7

• 7. There are two major types of competition. What
  are they?
• Intraspecific within the species
• Interspecific between species

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Question 8

• 8. How do river otters reduce intraspecific
  competition?

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Answer 8

• 8. How do river otters reduce intraspecific
  competition?
• They avoid each other (partition the river).

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Question 9

• 9. Define competitive exclusion principle.

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Answer 9

• 9. Define competitive exclusion principle.
• When two species compete for identical resources,
  one will be more successful and will eventually
  eliminate the other.

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Question 10

• 10. What is the adaptive advantage of resource
  partitioning?

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Answer 10

• 10. What is the adaptive advantage of resource
  partitioning?
• Minimizes competition and allows coexistence

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Question 11

• 11. How are predators different from parasites?

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Answer 11

• 11. How are predators different from parasites?
• Predators are free-living they do not take up
  residence on their prey.

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Question 13

• 13. Name three types of parasites.

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Answer 13

• 13. Name three types of parasites.
• Microparasites
• Macroparasites
• Social parasites
• Parasitoids

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Question 14

• 14. Compare and contrast parasitoids and social
  parasites.

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Answer 14

• 14. Compare and contrast parasitoids and social
  parasites.
• Parasitoids lay their eggs in the body of the
  host where they develop, mature and eventually
  kill their hosts.
• Social parasites lay their eggs in their hosts
  nest, where the host cares for the young.

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Question 1

• 1. Define ecosystem.

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Answer 1

• 1. Define ecosystem.
• An association of organisms and their physical
  environment, interconnected by ongoing flow of
  energy and a cycling of materials.

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Question 2

• 2. Compare and contrast herbivore and carnivore,

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Answer 2

• 2. Compare and contrast herbivore and carnivore.
• Herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat animals.

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Question 3

• 3. Compare and contrast omnivore and
  detritivore.

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Answer 3

• 3. Compare and contrast omnivore and
  detritivore.
• Omnivores eat both animals and plants.
• Detritivores eat the dead animal and plant
  material (in the soil or water).

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Question 4

• 4. Define biomagnification.

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Answer 4

• 4. Define biomagnification.
• A nondegradable or slowly degradable substance
  becomes more and more concentrated in the tissues
  of organisms at higher trophic levels of a food
  web

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Question 5

• 5. Which organisms are most at risk from
  biomagnification?

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Answer 5

• 5. Which organisms are most at risk from
  biomagnification?
• Predators at the high trophic levels

80
Question 6

• 6. Compare and contrast food chain and food web.

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Answer 6

• 6. Compare and contrast food chain and food web.
• A straight line sequence of who eats whom food
  chain.
• An interconnected set of food chains food web.

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Question 7

• 7. Compare an contrast autotroph and heterotroph.

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Answer 7

• 7. Compare an contrast autotroph and
  heterotroph.
• Autotrophs make their own food (photo or
  chemsynthesis)
• Heterotrophs cant make their own food. They must
  graze or catch their food.

84
Question 8

• 8. What is the ultimate fate of the solar energy
  that enters a food web?

85
Answer 8

• 8. What is the ultimate fate of the solar energy
  that enters a food web?
• It is lost as heat.

86
Question 9

• 9. Define bioaccumulation.

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Answer 9

• 9. DefineBioaccumulation. The retention of
  nonpolar molecules from our food or water. These
  molecules do not degrade very fast. Example DDT.
  Others mercury and lead

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Question 10

• 10. Which organisms are most at risk from
  biomagnification?

89
Answer 10

• 10. Which organisms are most at risk from
  biomagnification?
• Top predators (carnivores)

90
Question 11

• 11. Can a predator and its parasite be on the
  same trophic level? Explain.

91
Answer 11

• 11. Can a predator and its parasite be on the
  same trophic level? Explain.
• No. A parasite dines on its host. Therefore it
  is one more step from the sun (one higher trophic
  level).

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Question 12

• 9. Define biogeochemical cycle.

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Answer 12

• 9. Define biogeochemical cycle.
• The flow of a nutrient from the environment to
  living organisms and back to the environment.

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Question 13

• 10. What are two cellular biochemicals that must
  include phosphate in their molecular structures?

95
Answer 13

• 13. What are two cellular biochemicals that must
  include phosphate in their molecular structures?
• Phospholipids and nucleotides

96
Question 14

• 14. How can this massive eutrophication be halted
  and the system repaired?