Chapter 2 Metric System and Microscopy

1
Chapter 1 Methods of scientific inquiry

• The steps of the scientific method
• Make careful observations.
• Recognize and state the problem.
• Develop a hypothesis.
• Formulate and conduct the experiment.
• Interpret results.
• 6. Report objectively on the tests and reach
  conclusions.
• Conclusion a statement about whether to accept,
  modify, or reject a theory or hypothesis, based
  on tests of predictions that were derived from
  it.

Theory a related set of hypotheses that form a
broad-ranging explanation of many phenomena.
2
Chapter 2 Metric System and Microscopy 
Prefix Symbol Exponent Multiplier
(factor) centi- c 10-2 1/100 (one
hundredth) milli-
m 10-3 1/1000 (one thousandth) micro-
µ 10-6 1/1,000,000 (one millionth) nano-
n 10-9 1/1,000,000,000 (one
billionth) pico- p 10-12 1/1,000,000
,000,000 (one trillionth)
3
Length
Weight 1gram (g) 1000 milligram (mg) Volume 1
liter (l) 1000 milliliter (ml)
Microscopy Total magnification magnification
of objective lenses X magnification of ocular
lenses
4
Chapter 12 Evidences of Evolution 

• Evolution the process by which life has changed
  through time.
• Evidences support common ancestry
• Fossil records
• Biogeography
• Comparative anatomy
• Comparative embryology
• Biochemical comparison

5
Chapter 13 Mechanisms of Evolution 
Hardy-Weinberg Law The population is not evolving
in terms of that gene under the following
conditions 1. No gene mutations. 2. The
population is very large- no genetic drift. 3. No
gene flow. 4. No natural selection. 5. All mating
is random. p2 2pq q2 1 p q
1 Genetic Drift - founder effect Natural
selection antibiotic resistance
Gene mutations
Gene flow
6
Chapter 14 Bacteria and Protists

• Bacteria Domain Bacteria, Kingdoms Eubacteria
  and Archaebacteria
• shape baccilus, coccus, spirillum
• Protists Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista

Classification of organisms
Six kingdoms
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Eubacteria
Fungi
Archaebacteria
Three domains
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Common Ancestor
7
(No Transcript)
8
Chapter 15 Fungi
Structure Type of spore Phylum
Name Sporangium Zygospores Zygomycota Ascus/con
idiophores Ascospores/conidiospores Ascomycota Bas
idium Basidiospores Basidiomycota
9
Chapter 16 and 17 Plants
Evolution of plants
A. Embryo protection- protect the zygote from
drying out B. Evolution of vascular tissue C.
Evolution of seeds D. Evolution of flowers

• Classification

10
Chapter 22 Introduction to Invertebrates 

• Acoelomates no body cavity
• Phylum porifera no symmetry, cellular level
  organization. Eg sponge
• Phylum Cnidaria radial symmetry. Eg . Jelly
  fishes
• Phylum platyhelminthes bilateral symmetry. Eg.
  Flatworms
• Pseudocoelomates a body cavity incompletely
  lined with mesoderm
• Phylum nematoda eg. Round worms

11
Chapter 23 Invertebrate Coelomates

• Coelomates have a body cavity completely lined
  with mesoderm.
• Advantages
• The digestive system and body wall can move
  independently.
• Internal organ can become more complex.
• Coelomic fluid can assist respiration,
  circulation, and excretion.
• The coelom also serves as a hydrostatic skeleton
  because muscles can work against a fluid-filled
  cavity.
• Protostomes the first (protos) embryonic opening
  becomes the mouth (stoma)
• Phylum Molusca eg. Clams, squids
• Phylum Annelida segmentation eg. earthworms
• Phylum Arthropoda segmentation eg. Crayfishes,
  grasshoppers
• Deuterstomes the second (deutero) embryonic
  opening becomes the mouth (stoma).
• Phylum Echinodermata adult radial symmetry
  laevae bilateral symmetry.
• Eg. See stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

12
Chapter 24 The Vertebrates

• Deuterstomes the second (deutero) embryonic
  opening becomes the mouth (stoma).
• Phylum Chordata a notochord, a dorsal tubular
  nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a post-anal
  tail
• subphylum Cephalochordata eg lancelets
• sunphylum vertebrata
• Class Amphibia aquatic/terrestrial. Eg. frogs
• Class Reptilia amniotic egges, terrestrial.
  Eg. snakes, turtles
• class Aves wings. Eg. birds
• class Mammalia hair, mammary glands. Eg. pigs,
  human

13
Chapter 33 Symbiotic Relationships

• Symbiont Host Examples
• Mutualism Lichens root nodules/plants
  ants/Acacias Zooflagellates/termites
• Commensalism 0 Epiphytes
• Parasitism - Plasmodium tapeworms flukes
• Trichinella hookworm

Lichens
Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or
cyanobacterium) fungus Alga produces and
secretes carbohydrates, fungus provides
protection and attachment
Mycorrhizae
Mutualistic combination of soil fungi and the
roots of most plants. Soil fungi makes inorganic
nutrients available to the plant the plant makes
organic nutrients to the fungi.