GV551week 18

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GV551-week 18

• Peacekeeping operations
• Definitions
• Types
• Record of UN peacekeeping operations

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Haiti (1994)

• First time that SC declared a coup against a
  democratically elected government threat to
  peace-right to intervene
  
• First intervention after Somalia (Somalian
  effect)
  
• Multiple failed mediations by foreign ministers,
  OAS envoys (ch. 15), UN envoy, and presidential
  envoys
  
• Difficulty to combine diplomacy and force
  (humanitarian goals not national interest)
  although necessary
  
• Unique model of mediation before the
  intervention a former President, a Senator, and
  G. Powell (threat of enforcement)

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Lessons to be learned from Haiti (1994)

• Addressing images of the enemy
• Good mediators are able to listen and empathize
  with both sides
  
• Autonomy and strength of mediators positive or
  negative?
  
• Deadlines dangerous but necessary
• Once the major point has been reached then relax
  allowing for the other side to save face
  
• Symbolic concessions to seal the agreement
• Having an exit strategy
• Critical distinction between use of force and
  threat of force

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Definitions of peacekeeping

• Peacekeeping observe a truce/cease-fire/keep
  parties apart
  
• Method to manage conflict (first attempts under
  the League of Nations)
  
• Often as a term is used to encompass military
  action against an aggressor e.g. Korean war and
  first Gulf war
  
• Peacekeeping combines elements of collective
  security and observation
  
• Characteristics of peacekeeping
• Nonenforcementnoncoercive
• Occupation but as an interposition between
  fighting parties
  
• Limited military capability (light
  armamentspartly due to necessity)---strictly
  self-defence and deterrent threat in case of
  demilitarisation and patrolling
• Neutrality
• Nonaligned states (e.f. Sweden, Pakistan, India,
  Fiji)
  
• Issue of major powers (Cold War)
• Permission of Host Countries
• Ad hoc organizations under the UN auspices and
  certified by UN Security Council
  

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Peace making and peacebuilding

• Peace making bringing hostile parties to an
  agreement through peaceful means mediation,
  adjudication
  
• Peace enforcement authorized act with or without
  the consent of the involved parties, mandated,
  and authorized by the Security Councilheavily
  armed and under the UN secretary-general (e.g.
  East Slavonia 1996, Sierra Leone 2000 (UK),
  Liberia (US))
• Peacebuilding (Haiti, East Timor, Sierra Leone,
  Kosovo) developing social, economic, and
  political structure and institutions to avoid
  conflict in the future

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Types of peacekeeping operations (PKOs)

• 6 types depending on degree of involvement and
  the freedom to use force
  
• From conflict management to conflict resolution
• Types 1 2 traditional peacekeeping (neutrality
  et al Cyprus, Kashmir 1948, Golan Heights)
  
• Types 3 5 incorporate elements of
  peacebuilding, such as decommissioning
  (Guatemala, Sierra Leone, Kosovo), training of
  police forces, monitoring and organization of
  elections (Cambodia, East Timor/OSCE in Eurasia)
• Type 5 enforcement issues
• Preventive development of UN troops (FYMacedonia)
  (Article 1)
  
• Type 6 full fledged peacebuilding (Haiti)
• Problems of preventive UN operations
• Developing countries fears of intrusion and loss
  of sovereignty
  
• Selectivity of missions
• Loss of funds from other projects
• Issue of timing when is prevention appropriate?

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Differences between peacekeeping and peacebuilding

• Peacekeeping is operational, technical and
  focuses on quick results peacebuilding is based
  on long-term planning and strategic management,
  and seeks sustainable outcomes.
• Peacekeeping requires direct and outside
  intervention peacebuilding develops local
  capacity.
  
• Peacekeeping is guided by impartiality and
  equidistance from contending parties
  peacebuilding requires an in-depth understanding
  of the socio-political situation, is
  participatory and actively engages local
  stakeholders.
• Example Haiti

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Origin of PKOs

• Boxer wars in China (1900)
• The creation of the League of Nations
• Concept of collective security
• No direct reference to peacekeeping but
  authorization to League of Nations to take action
  to safeguard peace
  
• Problems
• The role of great powers
• Lack of enforcement
• Japanese attack against China (1931)fact finding
  mission
  
• Abyssinian crisis (1935)
• Lack of interest in remote conflicts (the case of
  Czechoslovakia (1938))
  
• What is an aggressor?

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The United Nations

• Purpose provide and international structure
  through which states can settle conflicts with
  the least possible use of force
  
• Chapters 6 7
• Korean war and the movement of non-aligned
  countries
  
• Resolution 998 and Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
  beginnings of PKOs
  
• 1960-1964 Congp (ONUC)
• To ensure the withdrawal of Belgian forces from
  the Republic of the Congo
  
• to assist the Government in maintaining law and
  order
  
• to provide technical assistance
• UNUC was authorized to use force
• By resolution 169 (1961) of 24 November 1961, the
  Council authorized the Secretary-General "to take
  vigorous action, including the use of the
  requisite measure of force, if necessary, for the
  immediate apprehension, detention pending legal
  action and/or deportation of all foreign military
  and paramilitary personnel and political advisers
  not under United Nations Command, and
  mercenaries", as laid down in Councils
  resolution 161 (1961).
• Early 1990s An Agenda for Peace (Boutros
  Boutros-Ghali) more ambitious role of the UN
  
• Second and third generation PKOs