Advanced Internet Services prof' dr Michail Smirnov

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Advanced Internet Servicesprof. dr Michail
Smirnov

• Group Communication
• Social aspects

Justyna Zander ERASMUS student Matr. Nummer
227966 01.07.2004
2
Overlook
"....communication is a tool, a progressive
invention, which reacts upon mankind and alters
the lives of every individual and
institution. Cooley H. Social Organisation.
New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916

• Motivation
• Problem
• The main approach in the world
• Group Communication Model evaluation
• Experiments
• Summary
• Bibliography

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Reasearch Paper Overlook

• Introduction and Aims
• Concept of group communication
• Research on group communication Models
• Detailed description of one proposed Group
  Communication Model
• Experiments - social behaviour considerations
• Conclusions

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Motivation (1)

• Social issues are key to success in work, and
  have become especially complex in IT workplaces.
• Socio-technical issues, especially those
  concerning IT, are crucial for understanding
  today's world, e.g., for being a good citizen of
  your city, your state, your country, and your
  world.
• In fact, social and ethical issue occur
  everywhere in life, not just at work.

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Motivation (2)

• Computer systems are
• designed, built and used by people
• components in larger socio-technical networks
  that include human beings
• used for entertainment, finance, defense,
  transportation, shopping, dating, spamming,
  studying, etc.

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Motivation (2)

• The success of a system is determined by the
  community of people who use it.
• Hence social and cognitive issues should be
  addressed in designing, building, evaluating and
  maintaining computer-based systems.
• Sadly, such issues are rarely taken sufficiently
  seriously, and as a result, many systems that are
  built cannot be used as intended, even more
  systems are abandoned before completion, cost and
  time overruns are more the rule than the
  exception, and user dissatisfaction is high.
• The lesson - very hard to learn, and very costly
  to ignore.

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Overlook
"....communication is a tool, a progressive
invention, which reacts upon mankind and alters
the lives of every individual and
institution. Cooley H. Social Organisation.
New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916

• Motivation
• Problem
• The main approach in the world
• Group Communication Model evaluation
• Experiments
• Summary
• Bibliography

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Aim of work

• Assess important events and rules governing
  during group communication between humans
• Assess important group features during group
  communication between humans
• Investigate the capacity of network
  selforginising
• Map and implement social behaviours (in the form
  of events, rules, features) in the network
  technology to make network intelligent, which
  means
• to teach the network how to learn

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Learning in Biological Systems

• Learning is thought to occur when modifications
  are made to the effective coupling between one
  cell and another, at the synaptic junction.
• The mechanism of achieving this to be facilitate
  the release of more neurotransmitters. This has
  the effect of opening more gates on the dendrite
  on the post-synaptic side of the junction and so
  increasing the coupling effect of the two cells.
  The adjustment of coupling so as to favourably
  reinforce good connections is an important
  feature of artificial neural net models, as is
  the effective coupling, or weighting, that occurs
  on connections into a neuronal cell.
• Brain is parallel, distributed processing system.
• Basic processing units called neuron.
• Learning increases efficacy of synaptic junction.
• Machine can learn through positive reinforcement
• Celebrar cortex shows local areas of specialised
  function.

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Methods of work (1)

• I am studying by searching Internet to introduce
  some theory in the field of social aspects of
  Group Communication.
• I would like to create a model of GC, analyse and
  test it, and, finally, take proper conclusions.
  These are also the aims of my work.
• I will try to assess the difference between group
  communication in human psychology (social
  psychology) in different environments and under
  different conditions.
• The attempt is taken on social issues, but I am
  obliged to focus the attention on cultural, and
  economical problems as well.

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Methods of work (2)

• Moreover, I would like to provide some
  experiments concerning testing of messages
  interpretation and give You the results in the
  form of appropriate graphs.
• Afterwards I would like to sum up my work and
  present my point of view.

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Methodology of work (3)

• Interdisciplinary issues
• social behaviour, social psychology, physiology
• versus
• network technology
• Sources see the last slide.

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Schema of communication system
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Communication process schema
Received, understood Meaning
message
Meaning
CONTEXTS (CULTURES, CHANNELS, MEDIA)
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Communication process definition

• The field of communication focuses on
• how PEOPLE
• use MESSAGE
• to generate MEANINGS
• within and across various CONTEXTS
• CULTURES,
• CHANNELS,
• and MEDIA.

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Overlook
"....communication is a tool, a progressive
invention, which reacts upon mankind and alters
the lives of every individual and
institution. Cooley H. Social Organisation.
New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916

• Motivation
• Problem
• The main approach in the world
• Group Communication Model evaluation
• Experiments
• Summary
• Bibliography

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Group communication Model

• Lewins Field Theory Systems Theory
• Robert F. Bales Interaction Process Analysis
  (IPA)
• Bales Interaction Process Analysis

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Overlook
"....communication is a tool, a progressive
invention, which reacts upon mankind and alters
the lives of every individual and
institution. Cooley H. Social Organisation.
New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916

• Motivation
• Problem
• The main approach in the world
• Group Communication Model evaluation
• Experiments
• Summary
• Bibliography

19
Group Communication Model

• Model assumptions
• Group - consists of more than 1 person.
• Group communication in social meaning can be
  defined as a communication between a group and at
  least 1 person or communication between two
  independent groups.

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Group Communication Model evaluationTechnical
concepts versus human factor on the base of
practical examples
Ex. Speaker is giving a lecture, thus providing
information
Ex. The speech of the speaker is interrupted with
an external voice
Ex. Possibilities to react on the action
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Group Communication Model evaluationScenarios

• Person to group communication scenario
• Group to group communication scenario

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1.Person to group communication scenario
listener
group of listeners
speaker
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2.Group to group communication scenario
Too complicated
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Group Communication Model
Person Listening
Person Silent
1
many
GroupListening
Group NotListening
Group NotListening
Person Listening
Person Talking
1
many
Group NotListening
Group Listening
Group NotListening
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Group Communication Model
Person Listening
Silence
Silence
GroupListening
Group Listening
Group NotListening
Person Listening
Talk
Group NotListening
Group Listening
Group NotListening
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Group Communication Model

• Possible states of the actors
• Alternative silence
• Mutual silence
• Alternative talk
• Doubletalk
• Listening
• Not listening
• Interruption

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Group Communication Model

• Simplified states of the actors considered in
  the experiments
• Silence
• Talk
• Listening
• Not listening

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Group Communication Model

• Model Assumptions
• Person who is the speaker is always listening
  (even while talking), because it is his\her
  destination. It is also the sense of
  communication that a source is waitng for the
  feedback.
• Group can listen or not listen while being silent
  
• Group can also talk, listening does occur while
  talking

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Group Communication Model

• Model Assumptions
• Group can listen, not listen while being silent
• Group can also talk, listening occurs while
  talking
• but ..
• Group talk is also understood as the talk to the
  speaker or between the members of the group which
  implies indirectly the fact, that they are
  listening to get the answer
• Group can talk to the speaker which implies the
  same as in the preavious case
• what about ..
• Those units who are listening while the others
  are talking in the network? We are almost not
  able to recognise them, moreover we are not able
  to assess if they exist
• But we assume that they do occur so as to take
  into account possibly all the conditions

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Experiments

• Social behaviour of the person, who is speaking
  according to the kind of a receiver
• Social behaviour of the persons, who are
  listening of one speaker
• both situations shown in the figure on the next
  slide

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Speech to 1 listener or to a group
listener
group of listeners
BEHAVIOUR
BEHAVIOUR
speaker
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Social behaviour of the person, who is speaking
according to the kind of a receiver
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Social behaviour of the persons, who are
listening of one speaker
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Experiments
1
2

• I was the speaker to 4 different groups.
• The aim was to check
• Frequency of different phases of the model
• Time of duration of those phases (in seconds)
• Understanding level (to which extend the members
  of the group have understood my speech)
• Relation between speaker and group (family,
  co-workers, friends, strangers)

3
4
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Group classification - behaviors assumption vs.
results
Family
Friends

• The darker the colour, the better understanding
  quote

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Todo Experiments results
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Overlook
"....communication is a tool, a progressive
invention, which reacts upon mankind and alters
the lives of every individual and
institution. Cooley H. Social Organisation.
New York Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916

• Motivation
• Problem
• The main approach in the world
• Group Communication Model evaluation
• Experiments
• Summary
• Bibliography

38
Summary

• Concept
• ..
• Sociology
• Technology

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Thank You for Your attention !!!
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Sources

• http//cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shan
  non1948.pdf
• http//cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shan
  non1948.pdf
• http//physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/research/
  theories2.htm
• http//zimmer.csufresno.edu/johnca/spch100/5
• http//teleduc.nied.unicamp.br/pagina/publicacoes/
  1_japao_ichc2000.pdf
• http//www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/docume
  nts/PublicWebsite/public_vis39.hcsp
• R. Beale T.Jackson Neural Computing, an
  Introduction. Adam Hilger Ed., Bristol,
  Philadelphia and New York, 1990.