FISHING

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FISHING
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Key Terms

• Pelagic fish such as salmon and tuna that live
  and feed in the open ocean.
• Ground fish such as cod and sole that live and
  feed near the bottom of the sea.
• Shellfish mollusks and crustaceans such as
  oysters, shrimp, and lobsters
• Balance of trade difference between value of
  exports and value of imports.

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Key Terms

• Surplus if imports exceed exports, there is a
  trade deficit.
• Continental shelf gently sloping outer edge of a
  continent, that extends below the surface of the
  ocean to a max. depth of about 200m.
• Fishing banks shallow area on the continent
  shelf that provides a feeding and spawning ground
  for fish.
• Plankton microscopic plants and animals eaten by
  small fish and shellfish.

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Key Terms

• Inshore fish commercial fishing that takes place
  within a few kms of shore. Small boats go to sea
  and return each day.
• Offshore fishery uses boats longer than 25m.
  They stay at sea for several days before
  returning.
• Sustained Yield Management using a renewable
  resource at a rate that allows it to renew itself.

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• Ocean fishing is
• Canadas oldest industry.

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Ocean Fishing

• The three different kinds of ocean fish
• Groundfish - fish that are bottom feeders
• Pelagic fish - fish that freely feed in open
  water
• Shellfish ekto-skeletal

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Commercial Fishing

• Commercial fishing occurs in three areas
• East Coast
• West Coast
• Freshwater - inland lakes

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The East Coast Fishery

• The East Coastal waters of Canada were the
  worlds greatest fishing grounds because...
• The Atlantic Ocean has a wide continental shelf,
  and
• The shelf has a shallow area, called fishing
  banks.

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The East Coast Fishery

• Two types of fishing
• Inshore mostly along the shoreline and where
  small boats may only be gone for a few hours.
• Offshore Fishing done in open water, using
  larger boats, and that stay at sea for many days.

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East Coast Fishery Collapse

• Fishing in the East Coast became a lifestyle for
  many.
• Some did fish for recreational purposes, but most
  fished to earn a living.

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The Collapse Of Fishery

• There are five major reasons that people have
  suggested as the reasons for the collapse
• Overfishing
• Improved Fishing Technology
• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
• Destructive Fishing Practices
• Changes In Natural Conditions

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Overfishing

• The catch allowed by the government each year,
  was apparently set too high. They believe the
  scientists overestimated the number of fish
  maturing each year, and more adult fish were
  caught then was considered acceptable.

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Improved Fishing Technology

• Technological developments, like satellite
  navigation systems, etc. helped fishers find
  schools of fish faster and more precisely..

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Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing

• Countries such as Russia and Japan were catching
  far more fish than would normally be allowed.
• Some countries have tried to reduce overfishing
  by limiting the size of the catch or restricting
  the amount of time boats spend on the water.

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Destructive Fishing Practices

• When people were trying to catch one specific
  kind of fish, they often caught other kinds.

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Changes In Natural Conditions

• Most people have held responsible the change in
  natural conditions for the fall of the fishing
  industry.

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Changes in Natural Conditions

• Two specific changes have been recognized
• 1) Water temperatures have dropped.
• The fish may have to change their migration
  routes to avoid these areas where these changes
  have occurred.

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• 2) Some people suggested that the refuse of the
  sealing industry in the late 1970s caused a raise
  in the seal population.
• This reduced groundfish populations because the
  seals ate large amounts of small fish called
  caplin, which is a major source for cod.
• Seals may also be eating large quantities of cod.

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The West Coast Fishery

• Even though salmon is found on both coasts, the
  West Coast catch is 400 times bigger than the
  East Coast catch.

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The Collapse of the West Coast Fishery

• The failure of the fish-management system in the
  Atlantic fishery caused scientists and
  politicians to re-evaluate the handling of the
  West Coast fishery.

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Collapse of the West Coast Fishery

• There are many possible reasons for the collapse
  of the West Coast salmon fishery such as
• Overfishing
• Changes in the environment
• Lack of a salmon fishing treaty

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Overfishing

• During 1990s, Canadian and American were
  catching over 800,00 tonnes of fish per year .
• The salmon stocks could not survive the massive
  yearly catch, which means that very few adult
  fish were able to reach the spawning rivers.

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Changes in the Environment

• Global warming appears to be effecting the
  temperature in the Pacific oceans, this could
  threaten the salmons habitat.

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Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty

• A long debate between the United States and
  Canada concerning where salmon may be caught and
  how much may be taken in by each country.
• .

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Challenges to the West Coast Fishery

• As the supply of salmon decreases, there is a
  difficulty of balancing a limited supply of fish
  with a growing demand.

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Challenges to the West Coast Fishery

• There are three competing demands for salmon in
  British Columbia.
• Commercial fishing
• Sport fishing
• Fishing by First Nations

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Commercial Fishing

• The demand for salmon by the Aboriginal people is
  growing for two reasons
• a Supreme Court decision in 1990
• The right to fish commercially is a focus of many
  First Nations land claims in B.C.

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Sport Fishing

• Wanting a larger share of the available salmon.
• Salmon caught be recreational fishers are worth
  more than that of which you would catch
  commercially.
• About 4 million people in Canada fish for sport
  every year.

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Sport Fishingcontinued.

• On average sport fishers spend 6.7 billion all
  together on things like boats, fishing equipment,
  accommodation, meals, guides, and licenses.
• About half the sport fishing by Canadians and
  about 2/3 of that by visitors is done in Ontario.
  

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Freshwater Fishery

• Canadas freshwater fisheries are located in the
  great lakes, as well as about 600 or so smaller
  lakes.
• The major fish caught from these lakes are
  whitefish, perch, pickerel, and trout.

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• Changes must be made to ensure the health of both
  fisheries, because they provide employment and
  are a part of our heritage.

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Questions

• 1) What are the three categories of fish?
• A) Salmon, Goldfish, Mollusks
• B) Sharks, Shellfish, Lobster
• C) Pollack, Redfish, Oyster
• D) Groundfish, Pelagic, Shellfish

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• 2) What is the most important catch of the West
  Coast?
• A) Salmon
• B) Lobster
• C) Plankton
• D) Sockeye

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• 3) What are Canadas three types of fisheries?
• A) North Coast, Ocean Water, South Coast
• B) Freshwater, East Coast, West Coast
• C) North Coast, South Coast, Freshwater
• D) West Coast, Ocean Water, East Coast

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• 4) What percentage of Canadas catch is exported?
• A) 66
• B) More than 50
• C) Less than 30
• D) 91

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Farming
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Key Terms

• Renewable Resource
• Growing season
• Intensive farming

• A resource that replaces itself.
• Period which crops can grow.
• Large amount of labour on a small farm.

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Key Terms

• Extensive farming
• Mechanization
• Land Capability

• Small amount of labor on a large farm.
• When machinery takes over the work of humans.
• Ability of land to be used for a certain purpose.

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Key Terms

• Agribusiness
• Vertical integration

• Agriculture business. Ex. distributing food.
• When a company owns every process required to
  produce its product.

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Key Terms

• Non- renewable resource
• Sustainable agriculture

• A resource that can only be used once.
• Approach to agriculture production without
  harming the environment.

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Facts

• Farming requires
• Great skill and effort.
• Enough money to purchase property and equipment.
• Luck, in terms of weather and market conditions.

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More Facts

• Agriculture and fish industries contribute more
  than 8 of Canada's GDP.
• Canadians rely on farmers to produce food thats
  inexpensive.
• Canadians spend 11 of income on food.

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Land The Basic Resource

• Land can be a renewable resource, and support new
  crops year after year.
• But could also be classified as a non-renewable
  resource, because of the limited amount that is
  available.

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Seven Classes of Land
Class 1 Deep soils, excellent for farming. Takes
up 0.5 of land.
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• Class 2 Very good farmland. Takes up 1.8 of
  land.

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• Class 3 Good farmland but has some climatic
  limitations. Takes up 2.7 of land.

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• Class 4 Land is at the break-even point
  because of short growing season and poor soil
  conditions. Takes up 2.7 of land.

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• Class 5 Has serious limitations for
  agriculture. Land is used for grazing or
  producing hay. Takes up 3.7 of land.

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Class 6 More severe limitations for agriculture.
Land used for rough grazing. Takes up 1.8 of
land.
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• Class 7 Has no capability for farming. Takes up
  86.8 of land.

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Types Of Farming

• Intensive farming and extensive farming.
• Impacts of farming
• Cost of land.
• Transportation cost.
• Competition.

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The Business of Farming

• Increased mechanization has brought an increase
  in size of farms.
• The long hours and low incomes associated with
  farming have caused many people to leave farming.

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• The start-up costs for farming can be up to 1
  million.
• In many parts of the world, farming is carried on
  increasingly by large agribusiness companies.

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Agribusiness

• Two types
• Each farmer divides the costs for the equipment.
  E.g. a business.
• Farmers may own their own land but raise
  livestock or grow crops that belong to the
  company.

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Damaging the Land

• Some things that damage the land include
• Erosion
• Contamination

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Erosion

• Wearing away of the Earths surface followed by
  the movement to other locations of materials that
  have worn away.

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Contamination

• when soil is contaminated with salts, chemicals
  from spraying, or dangerous heavy metals as a
  result of pollution.

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Sustainable Agriculture

• agricultural production that can be maintained
  without harming the environment.

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Sustainable Agriculture

• Some examples
• Large, lightweight tires that dont damage wet
  soil are available for tractors.
• Natural fertilizers have been developed for
  using.

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Loss of Farmland

• Most of Canadas best farmland has been converted
  to urban uses.
• Replacing each hectare of the best land, means
  that farmers must use several hectares of poorer
  quality land to produce the same quantity of
  crops.

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Loss of Farmland

• When a city expands, the surrounding farmland
  becomes very valuable.
• Farmers must choose to either sell their land
  resulting in a great amount of money, or to keep
  running their low income business.

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Help Prevent Loss of Farmland

• Urban expansion has a harmful effect on
  surrounding farming communities.
• The impact could be lessened if the expansion
  were controlled.
• For example by permitting building only on
  poorer quality farmland.

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Some Questions

• What factor/s cause people to leave farming?
• A. Too expensive
• B. Get bored
• C. Good weather conditions
• D. A and C

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Some Questions

• Why are chemicals used in agriculture?
• A. To promote rain
• B. To protect plants from excessive sunlight
• C. To spray the soil for pests
• D. All the above

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Questions

• How good is Class 1 land for farming?
• A. Very poor
• B. Excellent
• C. Good but, with some climatic limitations
• D. Can only be used for rough grazing

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FOOD
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Definitions

• Malnutrition - A condition in which health is
  damaged by an unbalanced diet that includes too
  much or too little nutrients.

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Definitions

• Famine - temporary situation where a
  country/region lacks enough food to feed its
  population.
• Starvation - Extreme form of hunger in where
  suffering is from a serious/total lack of energy,
  essential vitamins and minerals.

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Definitions

• Green revolution - Development in the second half
  of the 20th C. of high yield wheat and rice. It
  lead to increased harvests, particularly in
  developing countries.

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Definitions

• Productivity - Capacity to generate
  goods/services for economic value.
• Selective breeding - Process of developing
  specific plant/animal species to increase
  yields, hardiness or improve resistance to pests.

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• High Yield Varieties (HYV) - Development of HYVs
  (such as rice, corn and wheat) to provide for
  making breads and to replace lower yielding
  native crops.
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Changing
  the genetic structure of organisms to give them
  more desirable characteristics.

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Definitions

• Intensive Agriculture - Large amounts of labour,
  machinery and fertilizers are used on small
  farms.
• Extensive Farming - Small amounts of labour,
  machinery and fertilizers are used on large
  farms.

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Definitions

• Subsistence Farming - Growing crops and raising
  livestock on small holdings to meet immediate
  needs of ones family.
• Cash-crop Farming - Specializing in producing
  only a few products - for sale in world and local
  markets.

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Biotechnology in food production

• If the food production could be increased by
  creating plants that would resist disease, or
  produce new crops that that would help prevent
  stuff like blindness. That is why we develop
  GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms). This
  allows someone to take genes from one plant or
  animal and put it into another.

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Benefits of GM crops

• It took scientists more than 10 years and 150
  000 000 to create just two new varieties of
  genetically modified rice. One has more vitamin A
  and the other prevents deficiencies of iron in
  people that rely on rice as food.

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Climate

• The first natural system is climate. This
  contributes two variables to the success of
  farming. The first is the amount of solar energy
  (heat). The second is the moisture. Which is
  measured in terms of precipitation levels.

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Soil

• The second system is the soil. This is a complex
  substance that includes minerals, living organic
  materials such as earthworms and bacteria. Also
  many decaying materials such as rotting plants,
  water and air.

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Topography

• If the area is too hilly, there is lots of
  erosion.
• If the surface area is too flat, the water will
  rise and fill the land.

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Biology

• The fourth system that affects agriculture is
  biological. Some organisms are highly beneficial
  to farming. E.g. earthworms.

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Questions

• Farmers who grow crops and raise livestock
  usually on small holdings to meet their needs?
• A) Biology
• B) Agriculture
• C) Soil
• D) Subsistence Farmers

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Questions

• Type of farming in which small amounts of labor
  machinery and fertilizers are used on large
  farms.
• A) Extensive Farming
• B) Irradiated Farming
• C) Organic Farming
• D) All of the above

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FISHING

• By Jon

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Fish

• Fish are a renewable resource

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Key Terms

• Sustained Yield Management
• Allowing the population to re-establish itself,
  avoiding a collapse
• Overfishing
• Catching more than the number of fish that reach
  maturity

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History

• During the early 1500s, fishermen from around
  the globe fished around Newfoundland
• Fishing was a large part of the economy

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East Coast Fishery

• Shallow water, plenty of plankton and underwater
  growth makes the Cod population thrive

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West Coast Fishery

• The west coast contains mainly Salmon
• Salmon hatch in rivers, and head out into the
  ocean when they reach maturity
• In 1994, the West Coast Fishery was brought into
  attention, as salmon numbers were drastically low

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Collapse of the Fisheries

• In 1992, the Cod fishery collapsed, and later,
  the Salmon fishery due to overfishing and
  destructive practices
• Fishers did not take the Sustained Yield
  Management concept into consideration

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Why did the Fisheries Collapse?

• Overfishing
• More fish were caught than the population could
  put out
• Improved Fishing Technology
• Technology made mass fishing easier (ex- drag
  netsdestroying the sea life below)

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Collapse

• Unmonitored Foreign Fishing
• Foreign fishing companies werent held
  accountable for their fishing habits
• Destructive Fishing
• Fishers had no respect for the fish habitat and
  ended up killing a lot of fish they didnt use

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Collapse

• Natural Conditions Changed
• Nature changed, causing negative affects on the
  fish population

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Now-A-Days

• To this date, fishing makes up for less than 1
  of our economy
• Canada is the leading exporter of fish
• Our exports outweigh our imports,
• creating a well balanced economy

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Now-A-Days

• The main buyers of our fish are
• The USA
• Pacific Countries
• European Countries

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Question

• What is over-fishing?
• Catching more fish than the number that reach
  maturity
• Catching many fish, but only keeping the mature
  ones
• Killing off the fish that arent what you were
  trying to catch

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Question

• What is Sustained Yield Management?
• Being able to keep a fish population alive on
  board a ship
• Keeping the demand for Canadian fish high
• Allowing the population to re-establish itself,
  avoiding a collapse

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Question

• What percentage of our economy does fishing
  account for?
• 15
• 20
• 3.5
• 1

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Question

• Who are the main buyers of Canadas fish?
• USA, China, and Europe
• USA, Pacific countries, and European countries
• USA, Netherlands, and Africa

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Fishing An Industry at the Crossroads
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Overfishing during 1990s

• Canadian and American salmon boats caught over
  800 000 tons of fish per year.
• There were over 100 major fish processing plants
  in B.C.
• Now there are fewer than 10.

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Global warming

• There is evidence that Global Warming is
  increasing the temperature of the Pacific.
• This could threaten salmon habitat
• Salmon prefer water below 7 degrees

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• In 1997 Canadians were not allowed to fish but
  Alaskan fisher could catch as much as they
  wanted.
• In the 1980s and early 1990s the commercial fleet
  caught 94 while other groups accounted for about
  3

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Sport fishing

• For most people going fishing is simply a
  pleasant way to spend the summer day. They do not
  realize that sport fishing is a major industry
• One million people spend about 6.7 billion on
  thing like boats, equipment, meals, fishing
  guides and licenses

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IN CLOSING

• Our problems are part of a global trend that
  began in the 1970s and coasts.
• According to a study by the world wildlife fund
  70 of the worlds 200 most valuable fish stocks
  are either depleted or overfished.

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• Canadian and American salmon boats caught over
  __________ tons of fish per year.
• 100 000
• 300 000
• 400 000
• 800 000

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The Nature of Agriculture
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• Fewer than 4 percent of Canadian workers are
  farmers

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Climate

• There are 2 variables to the success of farming.
• The amount of solar energy (heat)
• The amount of moisture

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Soil

• Soil includes minerals, living organic materials
  like earthworms and bacteria, and decaying
  materials such as rotting plants, water and air.
• If there is too much moisture, there will be less
  crops, and if there is not enough moisture, then
  there will be fewer crops.

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Topography

• The best land to farm is flat land. If the land
  is too hilly there is a potential loss for
  topsoil and if the land is very low then it would
  be too wet and moist for the plants to grow.

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Biology

• Earthworms are good for plants because they
  improve the movement of air through the soil.
• Weeds are a very big problem.

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Biotechnology

• Swiss scientists spent more than 10 years and 150
  million dollars to create 2 new varieties of
  genetically modified rice.
• They took 2 genes from a daffodil and one from a
  bacterium.

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G.M. Animals

• Scientists have created better and healthier
  animals for us.
• Transgenic cows produce more milk on less food

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G.M. Animals

• Transgenic pigs produce leaner meat
• Pigs and sheep can even be modified to produce
  human proteins like insulin in their milk.

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Question

• What percentage of Canadians farm?
• 2
• 4
• 6
• 8

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Question

• What land is best for farming?
• Hilly
• Sand
• Low
• Flat

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Agricultural Patterns
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The Controversy Surrounding GMOs

• Supporters of the divided line of the plants feel
  that they can create a safer situation because
  the type of a gene(s) and transferring them from
  one plant to another.

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• A major concern in north America is that people
  may not know that they are eating genetically
  modified food.

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• Those who dont believe the GMOs also feel that
  not enough research is being done to prove that
  the altered genes of the food products.

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• Farming is a skillful and takes a lot of effort,
  and enough money to buy land and equipment.

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Economic Connections
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Basic Resources

• Canada is the second largest country in the world
  of agriculture

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Seven Categories ofAgricultural Land

• Class 1 - excellent for farming
• Classes 1 to 6 - land used for some form of
  agriculture
• Classes 1 to 3 - considered to be good farmland
• Canada has a total land area of approximately 921
  500 000 ha - Yet only 13 of this is good for
  farming.
• Class 7 - has no capability/capacity for farming.

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Amounts/Types of Canadian Farmland
Total land area of Canada 921 500 000
Unsuitable - Class 7 799 950
Fair/Poor - Classes 4-6 76 100 000
Good - Classes 2 3 41 300 00
Excellent - Class 1 4 150 000
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Types of Farming

• Growing season - the fertility of the soil and
  the amount of precipitation
• Intensive farming - is common in densely
  populated areas where the land values are high
• Extensive farming - is where the population is
  lower and the land is plentiful and less expensive

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Types of Farming
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• In the 1880s, about 80 of Canadian families
  farmed the land, today the number stands at less
  than 3
• The long, irregular hours and low incomes
  associated with farming have caused many people
  to leave farming
• Hundred years ago, farmers used their own muscle
  power and horses so they were able to manage a
  small farm of about 50 ha in size

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• Today, farmers can manage over 200 ha with the
  help of modern equipment
• Increasingly, farmers children do not take up
  farming, thus, more than ½ of Canadas farmers
  are over 45 years of age

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• The start-up costs are very high from 500 000
  to more than 1 million
• Thats why most of farmers borrow money from
  banks
• If the prices for their farm products do not
  increase faster than their cost of production,
  debt or bankruptcy may result

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Agribusiness

• Several farmers may form a cooperative, where
  each farmer owns shares and receives benefits.
• Another type involves producing food by large
  companies, often multinational corporations. The
  farmers may own their own land but raise
  livestock that belongs to the company

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Soil

• Its the most important agricultural resource
• Its the top portion
• If used properly its a renewable resource
• Much of our soil has been damaged by poor farming
  practices

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• The repeated use of heavy equipment can compact
  soil so that it loses its ability to hold the
  water and air needed for plant growth

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• No-till cropping
• is one effective
• soil conservation
• method that is
• being used
• across Canada

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Sustainable Agriculture

• Something can be done without harming the
  environment
• Large, lightweight tires that do not damage wet
  soil
• Farming methods that use natural fertilizers and
  avoid chemicals for controlling weeds and pests

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Loss of Farmland

• Some of the crop land cant be replaced because
  of the climate conditions!
• There are people that are moving into the country
  who need land!