Principles of Biology 107

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Principles of Biology 107

• Tara Kieffer
• Email tkieffer_at_jhmi.edu
• Office phone [phone]
• Class for Majors-
• Cellular and Molecular Biology

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The Study of Life

• All organisms are believed to have descended from
  a common ancestor through divergent evolution
• Evolution is the central tenet of biology
• Occurrence of random variation in the genetic
  information passed from an individual to its
  descendants
• Selection in favor of genetic information that
  helps its possessors to survive and propagate

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Figure 1.10 Classifying life
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Hierarchy of Biological Organization
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The Cell

• Cell Theory
• All organisms are composed of one or more cells
• The cell is the structural unit of life
• Cells can arise only by division from a
  preexisting cell
• Properties of Cells Characteristics of life
• Smallest unit of life
• Highly complex and organized
• Genetically programmed
• Capable of reproduction
• Acquire and use energy
• Perform chemical reactions and mechanical
  activities
• Respond to stimuli
• Self-regulated

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Cell Types

• Prokaryotic
• Microorganisms (bacteria and archaea)
• Lack a nucleus and other organelles
• Rapid cell division
• Eukaryotic
• Fungi, Protists, Plants, and Animals
• More complex evolved from prokaryotic ancestors
• Have a nucleus (contains DNA) and organelles
  (membrane bound functional compartments)
• Complex cell division by mitosis

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Figure 1.4 Structural organization of eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells
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Multicellular Organisms

• Association of single-cell organisms to from
  colonies
• Cells become specialized and cooperate
• Organized division of labor
• Form a coordinated single organism with more
  capabilities than any of its component parts

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Cell Differentiation

• Osteocyte (bone tissue)
• Fibroblast (loose connective tissue)
• Muscle cell (striated/smooth)
• Epithelial cell (dermis/intestinal)
• Adipose cell (fat)
• Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
• Leucocytes (white blood cell)
• Neuron (nerve cell)
• Sperm/Egg (germ cell)

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Organelles

• Cytoplasmic organelles
• Plasma Membrane
• Mitochondria / Chloroplasts
• Nucleus

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Molecules
Figure 1.5x DNA
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Figure 1.19 Scientific method
Qualitative or Quantitative (measurement)
A possible explanation for an observation
Assemble hypotheses into a theroy or model
(overall explanation of some natural phenomenon
Summary of observed behavior Natural Law
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Biotechnology

• Molecular Biology
• Recombinant DNA Techniques
• Biochemistry
• Genetics
• Biophysics
• Immunology
• Biostatistics
• Bioinformatics

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Metric System
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Mathematical Equivalents
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Scientific Notation

• Addition/Subtraction
• 3.75 x 106 5.2 x 105

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Scientific Notation

• Addition/Subtraction
• 3.75 x 106 5.2 x 105
• 3.75 x 106 0.52 x 106 4.27 x 106

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Scientific Notation

• Addition/Subtraction
• 3.75 x 106 5.2 x 105
• 3.75 x 106 0.52 x 106 4.27 x 106
• Mutiplication/Division
• Multiply (or divide) the digits and add (or
  subtract) the exponents
• (3.0 x 108) (2.1 x 10-10)

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Scientific Notation

• Addition/Subtraction
• 3.75 x 106 5.2 x 105
• 3.75 x 106 0.52 x 106 4.27 x 106
• Mutiplication/Division
• Multiply (or divide) the digits and add (or
  subtract) the exponents
• (3.0 x 108) (2.1 x 10-10)
• (3.0) (2.1) x 108 (-10) 6.3 x 10-2