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Ch. 4

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Title: Ch. 4


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Ch. 4
  • North Africa and Southwest Asia Notes

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NORTH AFRICA
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EGYPT (Cairo)
  • Egypt is about the same size as Texas and New
    Mexico together, yet most of it is desert.
  • The Nile River supplies 85 percent of the
    countrys water. It begins in East Africa and
    flows north to the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Aswan High Dam and channels control the rivers
    flow and its use for farming and generating
    electric power.

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  • The Suez Canal is one of the worlds most
    important waterways. Ships use the canal to pass
    from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea,
    thereby avoiding traveling all the way around
    Africa.
  • About 29 percent of Egypts people work in
    agriculture raising sugar cane, grains,
    vegetables, fruits, cotton, and cattle.
  • Egyptian factories make food products and
    textiles.
  • Egypts main energy resource is oil.
  • Another important industry is tourism.

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LIBYA (Tripoli)
  • Except for the coastal lowlands, Libya is a
    desert with only a few oases. An oasis is a green
    area in a desert fed by underground water.
  • The Sahara covers more than 90 percent of Libya.
  • Libya has no permanent rivers, but aquifers lie
    beneath the vast desert. Aquifers are underground
    rock layers that store large amounts of water.
  • Poor soil and a hot climate mean that Libya has
    to import about three-fourths of its food.

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Oasis
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  • The discovery of oil in Libya in 1959 brought the
    country great wealth.
  • Almost all of Libyas 5 million people have mixed
    Arab and Berber heritage.
  • More than two-thirds of Libyans live along the
    Mediterranean coast.
  • Libya is a Muslim country, and most of its people
    speak Arabic.
  • In 1969 a military officer named Muammar
    al-Qaddhafi overthrew the king and became a
    dictator. For many years, the United States and
    other democratic nations have accused Qaddhafi of
    encouraging terrorism.

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THE MAGHREB
  • Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco form a region known
    as the Maghreb.
  • These three countries make up the westernmost
    part of the Arabic-speaking Muslim world.

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TUNISIA (Tunis)
  • Tunisia is North Africas smallest country in
    terms of land area.
  • Tunisian farmers grow wheat, olives, fruits, and
    vegetables.
  • Fishing is also an important industry.
  • Tunisian factories produce food products,
    textiles, and oil products.
  • Tourism is a growing industry.
  • Tunisias largest city today is Tunis, the
    capital city of about 1 million people.
  • Tunsian leader Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was forced
    out of power Friday January 14,2011. People were
    angry over unemployment and wanted more political
    freedom.

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ALGERIA (Algiers)
  • Algeria is the largest country in North Africa.
  • Algeria must import much of its food, which it
    pays for by selling oil and natural gas.
  • Algeria became a French possession in 1834 so
    many people in Algerias cities speak French as
    well as Arabic.
  • In 1962, Algeria won its freedom from France.
  • Today, Algeria is a republic, with a strong
    president and a legislature. Since the early
    1990s, however, there have been conflicts between
    the government and Muslim political parties.

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MOROCCO (Rabat)
  • Strait of Gibraltar is at the northern tip of
    Morocco.
  • Farmers in Morocco grow sugar beets, grains,
    fruits, and vegetables for sale to Europe during
    the winter.
  • Morocco is a leading producer of phosphates, used
    in fertilizers.
  • Tourism is also important to Morocco.
  • Moroccos traditional culture is based on Arab,
    Berber, and African traditions.
  • Morocco is a constitutional monarchy

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SOUTHWEST ASIA
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TURKEY (Anakara)
  • Turkey has a unique locationit bridges the
    continents of Asia and Europe.
  • Three important waterwaysthe Bosporus, the Sea
    of Marmara, and the Dardanellesseparate the
    Asian and European parts.
  • Turkeys climate varies throughout the country,
    from hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters in
    the central plateau to hot, dry summers and mild,
    rainy winters on the coast.
  • Turkish farmers grow cotton, fruits, and wheat,
    and raise livestock.

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  • Turkey has many mineral resources such as coal,
    copper, and iron.
  • Tourism is also a growing industry.
  • About 97 percent of Turkeys nearly 66 million
    people are Muslims.
  • The Kurds, an ethnic group who make up about 20
    percent of Turkeys people have demanded their
    own independent state.
  • Almost 75 percent of Turkeys people live in
    cities or towns.

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  • Istanbul (largest city) began as a Greek port
    called Byzantium. Later it was renamed
    Constantinople. When the Ottomans conquered the
    city in the 1400s, they renamed it Istanbul.
  • Turkey has been a member of the North Atlantic
    Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1952 and is
    seeking to join the European Union.

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ISRAEL (Jerusalem)
  • Israel lies completely in Southwest Asia, but its
    people include immigrants from Europe, Central
    Asia, and the United States.
  • Israel includes the mountains of Galilee, the
    Golan Heights (plateau), the Dead Sea (saltiest
    and lowest in the world), the desert of Negev (in
    the southern part), and the Jordan River.
  • Israels best farmland stretches along the
    Mediterranean coastal plain and produces citrus
    fruits, such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons.
  • In very dry areas, Israel uses computers to
    release specific amounts of water from
    underground tubes to the roots of plants.
  • As a result of technology, Israels farmers are
    able to export some food to other countries.

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  • Some Israelis live in farm settlements called
    kibbutzes, where property is shared. Other people
    live in moshavs where they share in farming,
    production, and selling, but may own private
    property as well.
  • Israels skilled workforce produces electronic
    products, clothing, chemicals, food products, and
    machinery. Most industrialized country in
    Southwest Asia.
  • Diamond cutting and polishing is also a major
    industry.
  • Eighty percent of Israels people are Jews and
    the other 20 percent are Palestinians, who are
    Arabic. There are many conflicts between these
    two groups.

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SYRIA (Damascus)
  • Syrias land includes fertile coastal plains and
    valleys along the Mediterranean Sea, and vast
    deserts covering the eastern regions.
  • Agriculture is Syrias main economic activity.
  • Farmers raise mostly cotton, wheat, and fruits.
  • The Euphrates River provides water for irrigation
    as well as hydroelectric power.
  • Almost half of Syrias 17 million people live in
    rural areas. A few are Bedouinsnomadic desert
    people who follow a traditional way of life.

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  • Damascus, the capital, is one of the oldest
    continuously inhabited cities in the world. It
    was founded more than 4,000 years ago. It is also
    a trading center.
  • Islam has deeply influenced Syrias traditional
    arts and buildings.
  • Syria became an independent country in 1946.
  • Since the 1960s, one political party has
    controlled Syrias government, and it does not
    allow many political freedoms. As of May 2002,
    Syria was one of several nations named by the
    U.S. government as being state sponsors of
    terrorism.

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LEBANON (Beirut)
  • Because Lebanon is so small, you can swim in the
    warm Mediterranean Sea, and then play in the snow
    in the mountains, both in the same day.
  • About 88 percent of Lebanons nearly 4.3 million
    people live in coastal urban areas.
  • About 70 percent of the Lebanese are Arab Muslims
    and most of the rest are Arab Christians.
    Conflict between these groups led to a civil war
    lasting from 1975 to 1990.
  • Arabic is the most widely spoken language. French
    is also an official language because France ruled
    Lebanon until its independence in the 1940s.

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JORDAN (Amman)
  • Jordan stretches from the fertile Jordan River
    valley in the west to dry rugged country in the
    east.
  • The country lacks water resources, but small
    amounts of irrigated farmland lie in the Jordan
    River valley.
  • Jordan also lacks energy resources. Most people
    work in service and manufacturing industries.
  • Most of Jordans 5.2 million people are Arab
    Muslims. They include about 1.3 million
    Palestinian refugees.
  • Jordan became independent from Great Britain in
    1946 and now has a constitutional monarchy.

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SAUDI ARABIA (Riyadh)
  • Saudi Arabia is the largest country in Southwest
    Asia.
  • The country is covered by vast deserts and has no
    rivers or permanent bodies of water.
  • Saudi Arabia holds about 25 percent of the
    worlds oil and the nation belongs to the
    Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
    (OPEC). Today the 11 OPEC countries supply more
    than 40 percent of the worlds oil. By increasing
    or reducing supply, they are able to influence
    world oil prices.

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  • Oil has helped Saudi Arabia boost its standard of
    living. Aware that someday its oil will run out,
    the government is trying to broaden its economy
    through industry and agriculture.
  • The capital and largest city, Riyadh, sits amid a
    large oasis in the center of the country.
  • Makkah (Mecca), in western Saudi Arabia, is
    Islams holiest city. Millions of Muslims from
    around the world visit Makkah each year.

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IRAQ (Baghdad)
  • The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the major
    geographic features of Iraq.
  • Between the two rivers is an alluvial plainan
    area that is built up by rich fertile soil left
    by river floods. Most farming takes place there.
  • Oil is the countrys major export.
  • About 70 percent of Iraqs 23.6 million people
    live in urban areas.

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  • Muslim Arabs make up the largest group in Iraqs
    population. The second-largest group consists of
    another Muslim people, the Kurds, who want to
    form their own country.
  • In 1958 the last king was overthrown. The current
    leader, Saddam Hussein, is a dictator who rules
    with an iron hand.
  • In 1990, partly because of a dispute over oil,
    Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait. By April of
    1991, at the end of the Persian Gulf War, a
    United Nations force led by the United States
    pushed Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.

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IRAN (Tehran)
  • Iran is an oil-rich nation, but is trying to
    become less dependent on oil earnings.
  • It has limited supplies of water, and less than
    12 percent of its land can be farmed.
  • More than half of Irans 66.1 million people are
    Persians, not Arabs or Turks. They speak Farsi,
    or Persian.
  • Nearly 98 percent of Irans people practice some
    form of Islam.
  • In 1979 Muslim religious leaders overthrew the
    last monarchy, and Iran now has an Islamic
    republic, a government run by Muslim religious
    leaders. The government has introduced laws based
    on its understanding of the Quran and have
    forbidden many western customs.

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AFGHANISTAN (Kabul)
  • Afghanistan is a landlocked nation mostly covered
    with the rugged peaks of the Hindu Kush mountain
    range.
  • The countrys almost 27 million people are
    divided into about 20 different ethnic groups.
  • After a Soviet invasion, followed by civil war,
    the Taliban took control of the government,
    enforcing strict Islamic religious laws.
  • In October 2001, the United States accused the
    Taliban of supporting terrorists and began
    bombing Taliban forces.
  • By mid-November the Taliban government had
    collapsed and the United States began to work
    with local leaders to form a new government.

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Women were brutally beaten, publicly flogged, and
killed for violating Taliban decrees. Even after
international condemnation, the Taliban made only
slight changes. Some say it was progress when the
Taliban allowed a few women doctors and nurses to
work, even while hospitals still had segregated
wards for women that in Kabul and other cities,
a few home schools for girls were allowed to
operate, although only in secret. In addition,
women who conducted home schools were risking
their lives or a severe beating. But the overall
reality of the tragic plight of Afghan women and
girls remained virtually unchanged.
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