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1
PEN Cambodia Presentation of Findings

• Sub-Regional Conference
• Vientiane, Laos
• 21-22 June 2006

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Structure of Presentation

• Natural Resource Dependence
• Drinking Water Sources ( Boiling)
• Sanitation
• Natural Disasters
• Mine/UXO Contamination
• Summary and Policy Implications

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Overview of Key Indicators
Estimated from CSES 2004. Estimated from a
combination of CSES 2004 and the National Level 1
survey of minefields. This is simply the
percentage of non-poor and poor living in urban
areas, and therefore potentially affected by
urban environmental issues such as outdoor air
pollution.
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Poverty Natural Resource Dependence
Households Engaged in Natural Resource-Dependent
Activities (left) By Household Consumption
Quintile in Rural Areas (right), 2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Natural Resource Dependence
Percentage of Communes within a Province
Reporting Decreases in Natural Resources
Natural Resource Decline and Rural Poverty
Incidence by Zone
SourceEstimated from CSES 2004 and Seila and
Danida 2005.
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Poverty Natural Resource Dependence
Households Engaged in Natural Resource-Dependent
Activities in Communes Reporting Resource
Decline, By Household Consumption Quintile
Source Estimated from CSES 2004 and Seila and
Danida 2005.
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Poverty Drinking Water Sources
Drinking Water Sources, Dry and Wet Season, 2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Drinking Water Sources
Unsafe Drinking Water Sources, by Household
Consumption Quintiles, 2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Drinking Water Sources
Boiling/Treating Drinking Water, Non-Poor Poor,
by National (top-left), Household Consumption
Quintile (top-right), Rural (bottom-left) and
Urban (bottom-right), 2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Drinking Water Sources
Boiling/Treating Drinking Water by Source,
Non-Poor and Poor, 2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Sanitation
Access to Basic Sanitation, 2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Sanitation
Sanitation by Household Consumption Quintile,
2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Sanitation
Sanitation, Rural and Urban, Non-Poor and Poor,
2004
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Natural Disasters - Floods
Households Affected by Floods in Three or More
Years, 1999 to 2003, by Household Consumption
Quintile
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Natural Disasters - Droughts
Households Affected by Droughts in Three or More
Years, 1999 to 2003, by Household Consumption
Quintile
Source Estimated from CSES 2004.
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Poverty Mine/UXO Contamination
Households Affected by Mines Mines/Cluster
Bombs, by Household Consumption Quintile
Source Estimated from CSES 2004 and National
Level 1 Survey 2002.
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Poverty Mine/UXO Contamination
Households Affected by Mine Contaminaiton that
Severely Affects Access to Agricultural Land, by
Household Consumption Quintile
Source Estimated from CSES 2004 and National
Level 1 Survey 2002.
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Summary Implications Natural Resource
Dependence

• Poor are disproportionately dependent on natural
  resources
• And this holds true in areas reporting declines
  in the resource base
• Poverty resource decline most pronounced in
  plateau/mountain region.
• Policy implication Target support of local
  resource management, land use planning, and
  agricultural and off-farm assistance in poor
  communes reporting resource declines
• Natural resources provide an important safety net
  for the poor, but not often a pathway out of
  poverty
• Policy implication Focus management regimes on
  maintaining resources and providing access for
  poor/vulnerable, not on industrial-level
  extraction
• Consider targeting interventions where rapid
  resource extraction is either beginning, and/or
  the resource base is not yet highly degraded
• Encourage both sustainable management and
  investment of extraction earnings in agricultural
  and off-farm opportunities (rather than even more
  extraction)

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Summary Implications Natural Resource
Dependence

• Neither restrictive nor open access management
  appears to be pro-poor
• Restricting access to natural resources (via
  concessions) takes away productive resources that
  the poor disproportionately depend on
• Open access tends to benefit non-poor more than
  poor
• Poor lack the capital means (equipment,
  transportation) to take advantage of open access
  exploitation as profitably as non-poor
• Open access (management vacuum) is often not
  fully open, but rather involves paying informal
  fees for accessa disproportionate burden for the
  poor
• Where open access results in resource decline,
  poor experience greater impacts as they are more
  dependent on resources and have fewer livelihood
  alternatives
• Policy implication Reform concessions to allow
  appropriate access for local communities.
  Address current management vacuum with greater
  support for conducting natural resource
  assessments, setting management priorities, and
  developing locally appropriate and enforceable
  management regimes.

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Summary Implications Drinking Water Sources

• Poor are disproportionately dependent on unsafe
  water sources
• Policy implication In targeting drinking water
  provision, consider factors associated with use
  of unsafe sources, including poverty, no
  schooling, coastal and plateau/mountain regions,
  rural areas far from district/provincial
  capitals, and lack of all-weather roads.
• Households accessing unsafe water sources are the
  least likely to be boiling their water
• Policy implication Promote education and
  awareness programs to encourage boiling drinking
  water, targeted to households using unsafe
  sources.

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Summary Implications Sanitation, Natural
Disasters, Mine/UXO Contamination

• Access to basic sanitation is lacking across all
  rural areas
• Policy implication Make provision of basic
  sanitation in rural areas a higher national
  policy priority
• Both droughts and floods show a statistically
  significant relationship to poverty. But whereas
  droughts are associated with poverty, floods are
  associated with not being poor.
• Policy implication Make development of
  appropriate disaster responses to drought
  problems a higher national priority
• Mine and clusterbomb contamination show a strong
  relationship with poverty
• Policy implication Consider village poverty
  rates as an additional element of targeting
  criteria for demining

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Thank You