... demagogues like Hitler. Father Coughlin ... Hitle

1
The Road To War

• Chapter 17

2
Americas Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941

• ISOLATIONISM
• The Great Depression
• Americans not wanting a repeat of WWI
• Divided country
• Some favored the ideas of demagogues like Hitler
• Father Coughlin
• Some felt for the victims of aggression.

3
America chooses NEUTRALITY

• Neutrality and Isolation
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff isolated America.
• We couldnt buy other countries goods and they
  wouldnt buy ours because of the tariff.

4
America Chooses NEUTRALITY

• Neutrality Acts (1935)
• Banned the US from providing weapons to nations
  at war.
• Banned loans to nations at war.
• Trade with countries at war as long as
• Cash and carry
• Non-military items

5
What was going on in Europe to make America favor
Isolation?

• Totalitarianism
• Government that exerts TOTAL control over every
  aspect of life in the country.
• Fascism
• Emphasizes the importance of nation or of an
  ethnic group.

6
Fascism and Totalitarianism

• Strong dictatorial governments.
• No respect for individual rights and freedom.

7
Players of the European Game JOSEF STALIN

• (1888 1953)
• Joined the Communist Party as an insurgent.
• Follower of Lenin.
• Took control of the Communist Party and the
  government in 1926.
• Sole ruler until death in 1953.

8
Josef Stalin Personal Life

• Came from poverty.
• Little education
• Violence in childhood
• Treatment of his own family
• Greatest Talent??
• Creating FEAR

9
JOSEF STALIN Economic Plan

• Took away private land from farmers and created
  COLLECTIVE FARMS.
• Millions starved to death.

10
STALIN Economic Plan

• Industrialization of Russia
• More money to create steel factories, oil, coal.
• Ignored housing, clothing, consumer needs.
• Millions suffered.

11
Stalins Reign of Terror

• Cult of Personality
• PURGES
• Purified the Party by getting rid of opponents.
• SHOW TRIALS
• Only one verdict.
• GUILTY!!!

12
Fascism in Italy

• Italys totalitarian government came out of the
  chaos of WWI.
• Benito Mussolini
• Il Duce
• Blackshirts

13
Fascism in Italy

• Blackshirt thugs terrorized people who did or
  might oppose Mussolini.
• Brought control to Italy but at a high, high
  price.
• No democracy
• Outlawed other political parties

14
Fascism in Italy

• Mussolini wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire.
• The Country is Nothing Without Conquest
• Invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.

15
Hitlers Rise to Power

• Austrian by birth
• Poor student
• Artist???
• WWI became a hero
• Blamed Jews and Marxists for German losses in WWI.

16
Hitlers Rise to Power The Nazi Party

• Founded in 1919
• Belief in Hitler
• Belief about German nationalism
• Belief in racial superiority
• 1923, tried and failed to take over German
  government.

17
Hitlers Rise to Power

• Wrote MEIN KAMPF in prison
• Defiance of the Versailles Treaty ending WWI
• Called to strengthen German military again
• Purifying the Aryan Race
• Removal of anything that wasnt Aryan

18
Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany

• Nazi Party promised Germans to stabilize the
  country, rebuild the economy, and restore the
  empire that had been lost in WWI.

19
Nazis in Control

• Suspended the rights of free speech and press.
• Storm Troopers / Brown Shirts terrorized people
  into silence.

20
Germany Rearms and Expands

• 1936 Germany took back the Rhineland.
• 1936 Created the AXIS with Italy
• 1938 Annexed Austria
• 1938 Invaded and took over Czechoslovakia

21
What did the world do as Hitler did this?

• APPEASEMENT
• Giving in to a competitors demands to keep the
  peace.

22
Appeasement

• Britains Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
• Thought once Hitler had Czechoslovakia Hitler
  would be content
• Peace in Our Time.

23
The Spanish Civil War

• 1936 Elections
• Pre-election violence between political parties.
• The group of liberal parties REPUBLICANS won.
  
• DO NOT CONFUSE US REPUBLICANS WITH SPANISH
  REPUBLICANS!!!!!

24
The Spanish Civil War

• Fascists in the military did NOT like the
  Republican victory.
• CIVIL WAR in 1936

25
The Spanish Civil War

• Both sides turned to other countries to help
  them.
• Hitler, Mussolini backed the fascists with money,
  troops, and equipment.
• Russia helped the Republicans.
• 40,000 English, Americans and French came to
  fight on the Republican side.

26
The Spanish Civil War Fascism won

• Fascism ruled from 1939 1975.
• Francisco Franco.
• Spanish nationalism
• Totalitarian control

27
Europe FINALLY goes to war

• Britain and France had to choose between war and
  dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have
  war.
• Winston Churchill

28
Invasion of Poland

• Poland was next on Hitlers list of countries to
  invade.
• BUT
• France and England had said they would not go
  along with this invasion.
• Stalin was also a problem.

29
Hitlers Solution?

• Make a pact with Stalin.
• Only have to fight Britain and France IF they
  would fight.

30
Hitlers BLITZKRIEG

• Lightning War
• Fast and concentrated land and air war.
• Take enemy by surprise.
• Terrorize civilian populations and troops.

31
Poland

• Held out for a month.
• Stalins Russia took part of the territory.
• Germany came in with their laws and started to
  put Jews into Concentration camps.

32
What happened next?

• NOTHING!!!
• Phony War
• Britain and France feared the potential losses.

33
France

• Maginot Line
• Why didnt it work?

34
France

• April 9, 1940 Germany attacks.
• NOT through the Maginot Line.
• They went round and attacked through Belgium.
• Blitzkrieg!

35
Dunkirk

• German drive to capture British and French
  soldiers.
• Drove the allies to the coastal city of Dunkirk.

36
Dunkirk

• Over nine days one of the greatest rescues in the
  history of warfare happened.
• Over 900 boats of all types braved the LUFTWAFFE
  to save 340,000 soldiers.

37
Fall of France

• June 10, 1940
• Reaction of the French?
• Collaborators (worked with the Nazis)
• Resistance ( fought the Nazis as guerrillas /
  insurgents)

38
Battle of Britain

• August 1940 May 1941
• Luftwaffe attacks day and night.
• 1,000 planes bombed Britain

39
The Blitz

• Firebombs!
• Heat of 1400-degrees Farenheit
• Melted asphalt and glass.
• Trapped people
• People in shelters hit literally exploded from
  the heat.

40
(No Transcript)
41
England Replies

• RAF (Royal Air Force)
• Flying 6 7 missions a day.
• Tried to avoid the German fighter planes and
  shoot down the bombers before they unloaded.

42
Englands RAF

• Flew Spitfires and Hurricanes
• 80 died
• But they took out more Germans.

43
Englands RAF

• Meanwhile England bombers were bombing German
  cities.

44
Japan Builds an Empire

• US Great Depression affected industry in Japan.
• 1930s rise of nationalism and fascism in Japan.

45
The Manchurian Incident

• Japan needed raw materials and food.
• Why not invade Manchuria to get it?

46
The Manchurian Incident

• PUPPET STATE
• Supposedly independent country but under the
  control of a more powerful country.
• Manchuria 1932

47
Manchuria

• Japan sent a million farmers, businessmen, and
  soldiers to make Manchuria their colony.

48
1937 - Japan invades China

• The Rape of Nanking
• The world was horrified.
• The world did nothing.

49
(No Transcript)
50
1940 Japan finds new allies

• Germany and Italy
• The Axis Powers

51
What was America doing in 1940?

• America First Committee
• Blocked any aid to England.
• Strict Isolation
• Charles Lindbergh a leader

52
1940 Election

• Roosevelt won.
• Your boys are not going to be sent to any
  foreign war.

53
Lend Lease

• November 1940
• If your neighbors house is on fire, you dont
  sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it
  back after the fire is out.
• FDR
• 49-billion in aid given.

54
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

• Most American attention was on what was happening
  in Europe.
• That included FDR

55
Before the Attack

• Roosevelt did use the Neutrality Acts to keep
  iron, steel and oil from being exported to Japan.
• 1940 froze all Japanese investments in the United
  States.

56
Before the Attack

• October 1941 General Tojo Hideki became Prime
  Minister of Japan.
• Tojo
• MAJOR fascist
• Admired Hitler
• Believed any country that tried to keep Japan
  from needed supplies was an enemy.

57
Before the Attack

• Admiral Yamamoto
• American education
• Brilliant tactician
• Did NOT favor a war with the US

58
Yamamoto

• When he saw he could not stop Japan from a war
  with the US it was his duty to try to make
  Japan win.

59
America The Sleeping Giant

• America is a sleeping giant. Once awakened, his
  wrath will by mighty.
• Yamamoto

60
Japan negotiates with the US

• October December 1941.
• BUT US had cracked Japanese coded messages.
• US KNEW on November 27 and December 6 an attack
  was going to happen.

61
Before Pearl Harbor

• But what the US DIDNT Know was WHERE the attack
  would be.

62
(No Transcript)
63
Why Pearl Harbor?

• Little known port
• Half the fleet would be there in December
• The harbor is only 3 miles square

64
December 7, 1941

• Shortly after 7 AM it started.

65
Specifics of the Attack

• The Arizona
• Hit by 1,760 lb. Bomb in the forward ammo
  magazine.
• Went down in 9 minutes
• Half the dead of Pearl Harbor

66
Pearl Harbor
67
December 7, 1941

• By 945 the attack was over.
• 2,400 lives lost
• 1,200 injured
• 200 warplanes destroyed
• 18 warships sunk or heavily damaged
• 8 of the nine battleships of the fleet.

68
Back in Washington DC

• The Japanese blew it.
• Diplomatically speaking.
• The Declaration of War on the US came AFTER the
  attack.

69
Yamamoto knew Japan would lose too

• The three primary targets werent in the harbor
  when they attacked.
• The Enterprise
• The Lexington
• The Saratoga

70
FDR

• December 7, a day that will live in infamy.
• FDR, Declaration of War speech

71
(No Transcript)
72
The West Virginia
73
(No Transcript)